{"id":4660,"date":"2017-07-06T19:24:29","date_gmt":"2017-07-06T19:24:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/?p=4660"},"modified":"2017-07-23T09:20:30","modified_gmt":"2017-07-23T09:20:30","slug":"a-spanyol-armada-pusztulasa-1588","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/2017\/07\/06\/a-spanyol-armada-pusztulasa-1588\/","title":{"rendered":"A spanyol armada pusztul\u00e1sa (1588)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Illik P\u00e9ter<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">A spanyol armad\u00e1ra vonatkoz\u00f3 angol szakirodalom szinte kimer\u00edthetetlen. Ezt j\u00f3l jelzi Euegene L. Rasor 300 oldalas annot\u00e1lt bibliogr\u00e1fi\u00e1ja, amely a t\u00e9ma angolsz\u00e1sz \u00e9s spanyol forr\u00e1sait \u00e9s szakirodalm\u00e1t tartalmazza 1993-ig.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote1sym\" name=\"sdendnote1anc\"><sup>i<\/sup><\/a> A legt\u00f6bb armad\u00e1val foglalkoz\u00f3 modern angol munka meglehet\u0151sen keveset foglalkozik mag\u00e1val az 1588. j\u00falius \u00e9s augusztus\u00e1ban t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt harci \u00e9rintkez\u00e9sekkel, ellenben sokkal t\u00f6bb teret ad az el\u0151zm\u00e9nyeknek \u00e9s a k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyeknek. Erre j\u00f3 p\u00e9lda az egyik leg\u00fajabb \u2013 \u00e1ltalam is sokat haszn\u00e1lt \u00e9s id\u00e9zett \u2013 k\u00f6tet Robert Hutchinsont\u00f3l,<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote2sym\" name=\"sdendnote2anc\"><sup>ii<\/sup><\/a> mivel a 250 oldal terjedelm\u0171 f\u0151sz\u00f6vegb\u0151l mind\u00f6ssze 40 oldal sz\u00f3l kifejezetten hadi esem\u00e9nyekr\u0151l. Tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 az armada 1588. \u00e9vi teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00e9nek \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9s\u00e9vel szorosan \u00f6sszefon\u00f3dott II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p spanyol uralkod\u00f3 jellemz\u00e9se \u00e9s min\u0151s\u00edt\u00e9se, amit j\u00f3l mutat, hogy az armada szak\u00e9rt\u0151je Geoffrey Parker armad\u00e1r\u00f3l \u00edrt k\u00f6tete ut\u00e1n<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote3sym\" name=\"sdendnote3anc\"><sup>iii<\/sup><\/a> megjelentette a jelenlegi legfrissebb angol nyelv\u0171 \u00e9letrajzi nagymonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1t II. F\u00fcl\u00f6pr\u0151l is.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote4sym\" name=\"sdendnote4anc\"><sup>iv<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<div class='code-block code-block-3' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- baszad\u00e9k -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7992097991\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4662\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4662\" style=\"width: 421px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4662\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/queen-elizabeth-1-300x176.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"421\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/queen-elizabeth-1-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/queen-elizabeth-1-768x450.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/queen-elizabeth-1-700x410.jpg 700w, https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/queen-elizabeth-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4662\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/englishhistory.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/queen-elizabeth-1.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">I. Erzs\u00e9bet kir\u00e1lyn\u0151<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Z\u00e1r\u00e1sk\u00e9nt pedig szint\u00e9n \u00e9rdekes, hogy az angolsz\u00e1sz szerz\u0151k meglehet\u0151sen nagyvonal\u00faan b\u00e1nnak a historiogr\u00e1fi\u00e1val \u00e9s a l\u00e1bjegyzetekkel, vagyis egyik k\u00f6tet sem tartalmazza a r\u00e9szletes \u00f6sszefoglal\u00f3j\u00e1t annak, hogy addig kik ny\u00faltak a t\u00e9m\u00e1hoz \u00e9s milyen eredm\u00e9nyeket prezent\u00e1ltak. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>Ahogyan nem t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt\u2026<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">\u201e<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><i>Eddig nem \u00edrtam h\u00edreket az armad\u00e1r\u00f3l, mert annyi f\u00e9le pletyka keringett, \u00e9s \u00e9n megb\u00edzhat\u00f3 inform\u00e1ci\u00f3t szeretn\u00e9k k\u00fcldeni. Hab\u00e1r, most m\u00e1r folyamatosan t\u00f6bb helyr\u0151l \u2013 Calais, Dieppe, holland \u2013 j\u00f6nnek h\u00edrek, \u00e9s szinte biztos, hogy az armada harcolt az angolokkal \u00e9s hal\u00e1los csap\u00e1st m\u00e9rt r\u00e1juk, sz\u00e1mos haj\u00f3jukat a tenger fenek\u00e9re k\u00fcldte, m\u00e1sokat elfogott, m\u00edg a t\u00f6bbi 27 megrong\u00e1lva visszat\u00e9rt Londonba. \u00d6sszesen ennyi tudott megmenek\u00fclni.\u201d<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote5sym\" name=\"sdendnote5anc\"><sup>v<\/sup><\/a> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">A k\u00e9rd\u00e9s teh\u00e1t az al\u00e1bbiakban adott: ha e h\u00edr nem igaz, mi t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt val\u00f3j\u00e1ban 1588-ban a spanyol armad\u00e1val?<\/span><i> <\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>Az el\u0151zm\u00e9nyek<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">A spanyol armada Anglia elleni 1588. \u00e9vi t\u00e1mad\u00e1s\u00e1nak \u00e9s a spanyol inv\u00e1zi\u00f3s k\u00eds\u00e9rletnek sz\u00e1mos oka, k\u00f6zvetett \u00e9s k\u00f6zvetlen el\u0151zm\u00e9nye volt. 1585 \u00e1prilis\u00e1ban V. Sixtus p\u00e1pa eml\u00edtette a r\u00f3mai spanyol nagyk\u00f6vetnek, hogy szeretne egy nagyszab\u00e1s\u00fa v\u00e1llalkoz\u00e1st a kereszt\u00e9nys\u00e9g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote6sym\" name=\"sdendnote6anc\"><sup>vi<\/sup><\/a> A nagyk\u00f6vet t\u00e1j\u00e9koztat\u00f3 level\u00e9re II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p spanyol kir\u00e1ly azt \u00edrta, <\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: #800000;\"><i>\u201eMi\u00e9rt, a N\u00e9metalf\u00f6ld nem el\u00e9g nagyszab\u00e1s\u00fa sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra?\u201d<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote7sym\" name=\"sdendnote7anc\"><sup>vii<\/sup><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Augusztusban a p\u00e1pa m\u00e9g egyszer felsz\u00f3l\u00edtotta II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p\u00f6t a v\u00e1llalkoz\u00e1sra, aki ezt \u00fajra megtagadta. Ugyanakkor nem sokkal k\u00e9s\u0151bb kapta meg a h\u00edrt, hogy Sir Francis Drake megt\u00e1madta \u00e9s kifosztotta Gal\u00edci\u00e1t (az Ib\u00e9riai-f\u00e9lsziget \u00e9szak-nyugati r\u00e9sz\u00e9n). \u00cdgy az uralkod\u00f3 okt\u00f3ber 24-\u00e9n m\u00e1r arr\u00f3l t\u00e1j\u00e9koztatta a p\u00e1p\u00e1t, hogy megkezdi a v\u00e1llalkoz\u00e1st.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 832px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.artuk.org\/w1200h1200\/NMM\/NMM_NMMG_BHC2951.jpg\" alt=\"Philip II of Spain (1527\u20131598)\" width=\"832\" height=\"1200\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/artuk.org\/discover\/artworks\/philip-ii-of-spain-15271598-175207\/search\/keyword:spanish-armada\/page\/1\/view_as\/grid\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p spanyol uralkod\u00f3 (1527\u20131598)<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Az el\u0151zm\u00e9nyek azonban m\u00e9g kor\u00e1bbra ny\u00falnak vissza \u00e9s igencsak szerte\u00e1gaz\u00f3k. 1587-ben I. Erzs\u00e9bet angol kir\u00e1lyn\u0151 kiv\u00e9geztette Stuart M\u00e1ri\u00e1t, a sk\u00f3tok kir\u00e1lyn\u0151j\u00e9t. Ut\u00f3bbi m\u00e1r 1577-ben vil\u00e1gosan jelezte, hogy az angol tr\u00f3nra val\u00f3 jog\u00e1t nem fi\u00e1ra (a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi I. Jakab angol kir\u00e1lyra), hanem II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p spanyol uralkod\u00f3ra hagyja. Ugyanakkor II. F\u00fcl\u00f6pnek ez a joga egy\u00e9bk\u00e9nt is megvolt, hiszen felmen\u0151i III. Edward angol kir\u00e1lyt\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaztak. R\u00e1ad\u00e1sul II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p c\u00e9ljai Anglia ir\u00e1ny\u00e1ba j\u00f3 ideje vil\u00e1gosak voltak, hiszen 1554-ben feles\u00e9g\u00fcl vette az 1558-ban meghalt, a k\u00f6znyelvben v\u00e9resnek nevezett M\u00e1ri\u00e1t, azaz I. M\u00e1ri\u00e1t, VIII. Henrik angol kir\u00e1ly \u00e9s arag\u00f3niai Katalin l\u00e1ny\u00e1t, akit Henrik eredetileg Szapolyai J\u00e1nos magyar kir\u00e1lynak sz\u00e1nt feles\u00e9g\u00fcl. Hal\u00e1la ut\u00e1n a spanyol kir\u00e1ly I. Erzs\u00e9bet angol kir\u00e1lyn\u0151nek is tett h\u00e1zass\u00e1gi aj\u00e1nlatot, de az elutas\u00edt\u00e1sra tal\u00e1lt.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote8sym\" name=\"sdendnote8anc\"><sup>viii<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">A p\u00e1pai \u00e1llam \u00e9s I. Erzs\u00e9bet elleness\u00e9ge is kor\u00e1bbra dat\u00e1l\u00f3dik. M\u00e1r 1570-ben V. Pius \u2013 n\u00e9mileg k\u00e9s\u0151n, megt\u00e1mogatva az I. Erzs\u00e9bet ellen indult \u00e9szaki katolikus l\u00e1zad\u00e1st \u2013 interdictum al\u00e1 vette Angli\u00e1t, \u00e9s felsz\u00f3l\u00edtotta a katolikus h\u00edveket, hogy ne m\u0171k\u00f6djenek egy\u00fctt a kir\u00e1lyn\u0151vel, illetve az eretnek, anglik\u00e1n vall\u00e1ssal.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote9sym\" name=\"sdendnote9anc\"><sup>ix<\/sup><\/a> A firenzei Roberto Ridolphi 1571-ben leveleket vitt M\u00e1ria sk\u00f3t kir\u00e1lyn\u0151t\u0151l II. F\u00fcl\u00f6pnek, Alba hercegnek \u00e9s a p\u00e1p\u00e1nak, amelyekben k\u00e9rte Anglia megsz\u00e1ll\u00e1s\u00e1t.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote10sym\" name=\"sdendnote10anc\"><sup>x<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">1572-ben p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a kalandor \u00e9s kal\u00f3z Sir Thomas Stukeley tett javaslatot II. F\u00fcl\u00f6pnek az inv\u00e1zi\u00f3ra. B\u00e1r a terv elutas\u00edt\u00e1sra tal\u00e1lt, nem adta fel, 1576-ig folyamatosan zajlott az \u201e\u00f6tletel\u00e9s\u201d <a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote11sym\" name=\"sdendnote11anc\"><sup>xi<\/sup><\/a> Stukeley \u00e9s a R\u00f3m\u00e1ban \u00e9l\u0151 angol sz\u00e1m\u0171z\u00f6ttek r\u00e9sz\u00e9r\u0151l. Ugyanakkor 1583-ban Sir Francis Walsingham, I. Erzs\u00e9bet k\u00e9mmestere der\u00edtett fel egy \u00f6sszeesk\u00fcv\u00e9st, amelyben \u00e9rdekelt volt a spanyol \u00e9s a francia angol k\u00f6vet is, \u00e9s amelynek c\u00e9lja M\u00e1ria sk\u00f3t kir\u00e1lyn\u0151 kiszabad\u00edt\u00e1sa volt francia csapatok seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote12sym\" name=\"sdendnote12anc\"><sup>xii<\/sup><\/a> Emellett t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r t\u00f6rtek I. Erzs\u00e9bet \u00e9let\u00e9re is, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul 1579-ben William Appletree l\u0151tt r\u00e1.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote13sym\" name=\"sdendnote13anc\"><sup>xiii<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 1008px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/bam.files.bbci.co.uk\/bam\/live\/content\/zc9r82p\/large\" alt=\"How the English and Spanish forces matched up in 1588\" width=\"1008\" height=\"567\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/guides\/zg834j6\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Az er\u0151viszonyok<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Az el\u0151zm\u00e9nyeket nagy vonalakban \u00e1ttekintve teh\u00e1t j\u00f3l l\u00e1that\u00f3, hogy az 1588. \u00e9vi els\u0151 spanyol inv\u00e1zi\u00f3s k\u00eds\u00e9rlet nem egy hirtelen \u00e9s kontextus n\u00e9lk\u00fcli esem\u00e9ny volt, illetve I. Erzs\u00e9bet uralm\u00e1val szemben komoly vall\u00e1si-politikai ellenz\u00e9k \u00e1llt szemben. Az pedig, hogy Sir Francis Drake \u2013 I. Erzs\u00e9bet legkedvesebb kal\u00f3za \u2013 fosztogatta a spanyol, \u00dajvil\u00e1gb\u00f3l \u00e9rkez\u0151 aranysz\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3 haj\u00f3kat, illetve, hogy az angolok t\u00e1mogatt\u00e1k a holland szabads\u00e1gharcot, szint\u00e9n a k\u00f6zvetlen angol-spanyol katonai konfliktus ir\u00e1ny\u00e1ba hatott.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote14sym\" name=\"sdendnote14anc\"><sup>xiv<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>A mesterterv(ek) \u00e9s a felk\u00e9sz\u00fcl\u00e9s<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Meglep\u0151 m\u00f3don az a k\u00f6zv\u00e9leked\u00e9s sem igaz, hogy a spanyol armad\u00e1nak ne lett volna terve. Volt, a probl\u00e9ma \u00e9ppen az, hogy t\u00f6bb is, mint egy. II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p v\u00e9g\u00fcl ezekb\u0151l gy\u00farta \u00f6ssze a mestertervet. \u00cdgy a legnagyobb hiba nem a tervez\u00e9s hi\u00e1nya volt, hanem az elk\u00e9sz\u00fclt \u00f6tletek rossz kombin\u00e1ci\u00f3ja. Santa Cruz m\u00e1rki m\u00e1r 1586 janu\u00e1rj\u00e1ban parancsot kapott egy megsz\u00e1ll\u00e1si terv elk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re, amivel 1586 m\u00e1rcius\u00e1ra el is k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. Ebben 156 haj\u00f3val, 55 ezer partrasz\u00e1ll\u00f3 katon\u00e1val \u00e9s 400 egy\u00e9b t\u00e1mogat\u00f3 haj\u00f3val sz\u00e1molt. Ennek \u00f6sszege hozz\u00e1vet\u0151leg 4 milli\u00f3 duk\u00e1t (mostani \u00e1rfolyamon 3 milli\u00e1rd Font) lett volna. P\u00e1rma hercege j\u00faniusi tervezet\u00e9ben 30 ezer f\u0151s gyalogs\u00e1ggal \u00e9s 500 f\u0151s lovass\u00e1ggal sz\u00e1molt, akik Dover \u00e9s Margate k\u00f6z\u00f6tt sz\u00e1lltak volna partra egy meglepet\u00e9sszer\u0171 t\u00e1mad\u00e1st ind\u00edtva. Bernardino de Escalante \u2013 aki 1554-ben elk\u00eds\u00e9rte II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p\u00f6t I. M\u00e1ri\u00e1val k\u00f6t\u00f6tt esk\u00fcv\u0151j\u00e9re \u2013 terve enn\u00e9l \u00f6sszetettebb volt: 32 ezer katona a d\u00e9l-\u00edrorsz\u00e1gi Waterfordn\u00e1l ind\u00edtott volna elterel\u0151 t\u00e1mad\u00e1st, odacsalva az angol flott\u00e1t, m\u00edg a flandriai spanyol csapatok partra sz\u00e1lltak volna Kentn\u00e9l. Az uralkod\u00f3 1586 j\u00falius\u00e1ra k\u00e9sz\u00edtette el a v\u00e9gs\u0151 terv (az \u201eangol v\u00e1llalkoz\u00e1s\u201d) els\u0151 v\u00e1zlat\u00e1t: e szerint egy armada indul Lisszabonb\u00f3l \u00e9s h\u00eddf\u0151\u00e1ll\u00e1st szerez d\u00e9l-\u00cdrorsz\u00e1gban, m\u00edg P\u00e1rma 30 ezer emberrel titokban partra sz\u00e1ll Kentn\u00e9l.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote15sym\" name=\"sdendnote15anc\"><sup>xv<\/sup><\/a> Ez k\u00e9s\u0151bb \u00fagy m\u00f3dosult, hogy P\u00e1rma lapos fenek\u0171 cs\u00f3nakokat \u00e9p\u00edttet, amelyeken \u00e1tsz\u00e1ll\u00edtja csapatait a csatorn\u00e1t biztos\u00edt\u00f3 armad\u00e1ra, amely majd az angol partokon kiteszi az inv\u00e1zi\u00f3s hader\u0151t. A terv v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s\u00e1t k\u00e9t bonyodalom is h\u00e1tr\u00e1ltatta. Az egyik politikai volt: felt\u0171nt Spanyolorsz\u00e1gban egy 27 \u00e9ves fiatalember, Arthur Dudley, aki azt \u00e1ll\u00edtotta mag\u00e1r\u00f3l, hogy I. Erzs\u00e9bet \u00e9s Robert Dudley (Leicester earlje) t\u00f6rv\u00e9nytelen fia. Mint konkurens ut\u00f3djel\u00f6ltet, II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p diszkr\u00e9ten elt\u00e1vol\u00edttatta.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote16sym\" name=\"sdendnote16anc\"><sup>xvi<\/sup><\/a> A m\u00e1sik probl\u00e9ma financi\u00e1lis volt: a spanyol diplom\u00e1cia kem\u00e9nyen dolgozott azon, hogy anyagi t\u00e1mogat\u00e1st szerezzen V. Sixtus p\u00e1p\u00e1t\u00f3l, aki v\u00e9g\u00fcl 1 milli\u00f3 duk\u00e1tot \u00edg\u00e9rt, de kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag ut\u00f3lag, siker eset\u00e9n fizetve!<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote17sym\" name=\"sdendnote17anc\"><sup>xvii<\/sup><\/a> Az \u00e9ppen kimer\u00fclt kincst\u00e1r sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra megk\u00f6nnyebb\u00fcl\u00e9s volt, amikor 16 milli\u00f3 aranyduk\u00e1ttal \u00e9ps\u00e9gben meg\u00e9rkeztek a spanyol aranysz\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3 haj\u00f3k.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote18sym\" name=\"sdendnote18anc\"><sup>xviii<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.artuk.org\/w1200h1200\/NMM\/NMM_NMMG_BHC0262.jpg\" alt=\"English Ships and the Spanish Armada, August 1588\" width=\"1200\" height=\"936\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/artuk.org\/discover\/artworks\/english-ships-and-the-spanish-armada-august-1588-172695\/search\/keyword:spanish-armada\/page\/1\/view_as\/grid\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Angol \u00e9s spanyol haj\u00f3k 1588 augusztus\u00e1ban<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Mind az angol, mind pedig a magyar szakirodalomban sz\u00e9les k\u00f6rben elterjedt, hogy a spanyol gazdas\u00e1g nem b\u00edrta II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p t\u00falfesz\u00edtett amb\u00edci\u00f3it, illetve, hogy az 1588. \u00e9vi kudarc ut\u00e1n l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9ben \u00f6sszeomlott, ennek azonban nem csak az a t\u00e9ny mond ellent, hogy a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 4 \u00e9vtizedben m\u00e9g t\u00f6bb armada indult k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 c\u00e9lokkal Anglia ir\u00e1ny\u00e1ba,<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote19sym\" name=\"sdendnote19anc\"><sup>xix<\/sup><\/a> hanem a leg\u00fajabb kutat\u00e1sok is. A szerz\u0151k harminc oldalas nagytanulm\u00e1nyukban a spanyol gazdas\u00e1gi helyzetet elemzik II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p idej\u00e9n, \u00e9s hasonl\u00edtj\u00e1k \u00f6ssze a korszak m\u00e1s \u00e1llamainak financi\u00e1lis helyzet\u00e9vel. Meg\u00e1llap\u00edt\u00e1saik azt mutatj\u00e1k, hogy II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p sem fesz\u00edtette t\u00fal a gazdas\u00e1gi lehet\u0151s\u00e9geket, \u00e9s akt\u00edv k\u00fclpolitik\u00e1j\u00e1ba nem roppant bele a spanyol gazdas\u00e1g, \u00edgy mindenk\u00e9ppen t\u00e9ves az a n\u00e9zet, hogy a spanyol armada \u201cpusztul\u00e1s\u00e1val\u201d \u00f6sszeroppant a spanyol nagyhatalom.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote20sym\" name=\"sdendnote20anc\"><sup>xx<\/sup><\/a> Ugyanakkor, term\u00e9szetesen m\u00e1r a kort\u00e1rsak sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra is fontos k\u00e9rd\u00e9s volt, ki hogyan \u00e1ll anyagilag. Teh\u00e1t nem csak a mai szakirodalom dilemm\u00e1ja az, hogy milyen anyagi lehet\u0151s\u00e9gei voltak a spanyoloknak, illetve az angoloknak. A kort\u00e1rs Robert Hilles level\u00e9ben le\u00edrja, hogy jezsuit\u00e1kkal besz\u00e9lgetett, \u00e9s \u0151k mes\u00e9lt\u00e9k neki, hogy a spanyoloknak b\u0151ven van p\u00e9nz\u00fck, m\u00edg sz\u00e1mos panasz hallatszik Angli\u00e1b\u00f3l, hogy nem b\u00edrj\u00e1k a r\u00e1juk kir\u00f3tt terheket.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote21sym\" name=\"sdendnote21anc\"><sup>xxi<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class='code-block code-block-1' style='text-align: center; margin: 13px auto;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- oldalhirdet\u00e9s -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"5518896799\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">A fenti k\u00e9t bonyodalmon t\u00fal voltak m\u00e9g olyan h\u00e1tr\u00e1ltat\u00f3 t\u00e9nyez\u0151k, amely eg\u00e9szen \u00e9rdekes sz\u00ednezetet adnak az armada v\u00e1llalkoz\u00e1s\u00e1nak. Az egyik az, hogy 1587 m\u00e1rcius\u00e1ra Walsinghamnek \u2013 \u00e1tt\u00e9telesen ugyan de \u2013 volt be\u00e9p\u00edtett embere k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a spanyol hadvezet\u00e9s k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote22sym\" name=\"sdendnote22anc\"><sup>xxii<\/sup><\/a> Nem v\u00e9letlen, hogy De Lamar Jensen meg\u00e1llap\u00edtotta, hogy amennyiben a c\u00e9l az armada elind\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1nak \u00e9s hadm\u0171veleteinek eltitkol\u00e1sa volt, \u00fagy ez volt a legrosszabbul eltitkolt hadm\u0171velet a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelemben.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote23sym\" name=\"sdendnote23anc\"><sup>xxiii<\/sup><\/a> Persze itt is van egy csavar a t\u00f6rt\u00e9netben: a flotta vezet\u0151je, Medina Sidonia mag\u00e1val vitt egy levelet II. F\u00fcl\u00f6pt\u0151l, amelyet P\u00e1rma herceg\u00e9nek, a sz\u00e1razf\u00f6ldi csapatok fej\u00e9nek kellett volna \u00e1tadnia. Ennek titkos z\u00e1rad\u00e9ka viszont nem azt tartalmazta, hogy az armada c\u00e9lja Anglia megsz\u00e1ll\u00e1sa, hanem azt, hogy el kell \u00e9rni (1) a katolikus vall\u00e1sszabads\u00e1g vissza\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t Angli\u00e1ban, (2) Anglia ne t\u00e1mogassa a hollandokat \u00e9s (3) fizessen j\u00f3v\u00e1t\u00e9telt az eddig a spanyoloknak okozott k\u00e1rok\u00e9rt. Ha val\u00f3ban ezek voltak az armada c\u00e9ljai, akkor viszont ez volt a legjobban elrejtett titok, mivel m\u00e9g a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi korok t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9szeinek z\u00f6me sem tudott r\u00f3la.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote24sym\" name=\"sdendnote24anc\"><sup>xxiv<\/sup><\/a> (David Howarth figyelm\u00e9t nem ker\u00fclte el, \u00edgy ez a magyar nagyk\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra ismert lehet, magyarul is megjelent k\u00f6tete nyom\u00e1n.)<\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collectionimages\/AN00550\/AN00550882_001_l.jpg\" alt=\"Complete pack of 52 playing cards depicting four 'Popish' plots: the Spanish Armada, Dr Parry's plot, the Gunpowder Plot, and the Popish Plot; suitmark and value at top; plain backs. In modern leather case. 1679 The cards are as follows: Hearts: I: 'An Army of Foot at Tilbury Camp, the Queen present.' II: 'Several landing places in Kent, Sussex &amp;c. secured by our land Forces' III: The Queen treats of Peace with her Sword in hand, Commissioners meet.' IV: 'The King of Spain onely treats of Peace but makes greater Preparations.' V: 'The Pope prophesies succes to the Spanish Fleet and names 12 of the Ships by the names of the 12 Apostles' VI: 'The Spanish Fleet sett saile a sudde[n] hideous Tempest scatters them' VII: 'The Spanish Fleet rigd and appear again.' VIII: 'The English Admiral sends a Pinnace to denounce war by discharging her Ordnance.' IX: 'Sr. F. Drake takes a great Gallion and in it Don Pedro with 40 Nobles of Spain and 55000 Duckets in Gold.' X: 'The Spanish Armada called Invincible, as they lay at Anchor.' Knave: '81 Ships of the Spaniards burnt and taken by the Queens Fireships &amp; Men of War' Queen: 'Q. Elizabeth at Tilbury Camp with a leaders Truncheon encouraging her Captains &amp; Soldiers' King: 'Q. Elizabeth makes an Oration to her Army upon the defeat of the Spanish Armado.' Clubs: I: 'The Pope and Traiterous English fugitives consult the Conquest of England.' II: 'King of Spain consults the enlarging his Empire by the Conquest of England.' III: 'Don Bassano Commander in cheife ordered to begin the Invasion with great Ships.' IV: 'Don Alancorn Vicar-General for the Inquisition with a traine of 100 Monkes &amp; Fryors' V: 'Five Regiments of old Spanish Soldiers.' VI: '124 Noblemen and others of the greatest houses of Spain Voluntiers.' VII: 'Prince of Parma builds ships and flat bottom'd Boats each big enough to carry 30 horse.' VIII: 'The Pope gives plenary Indulgence of all their sins who assist to the Conquest of England.' IX: 'Sr. W. Stanley Capt. of 700 English Fugitives offers to serve the Spaniard against his own Country.' X: 'The Spaniards bring Torches Whips of Whipcord &amp; Wire &amp; Butchers Knives to Murther &amp; torture the English.' Knave: 'Cardinal Allen renews the Bull of Pope Pius to absolve ye Queen's subjects from their Allegiance' Queen: 'The Pope gives a Million of Gold to help the Spaniard.' King: 'Q Elizabeth prepares a strong Fleet, Ld. Howard, Ld Seymor, Sr Francis Drake Commanders.' Spades: I: 'Q. Elizabeth appoints A Thankesgiving for ye Victory 11 Ensignes were hung up in St. Pauls' II: 'Dr. Parry consults some Persons to Poyson or Stab Q Elizabeth.' III: 'Dr. Parry at his Tryal at Westminster Confesses him selfe Guilty and is Condemned.' IIII: 'Dr. Parry denyes the Fact at his Execution.' V: 'Catesby, Iohn Wright, Winter and Guy Faulkes consult to blow up the Parliament hous.' VI: 'a House taken adjoyning to the Parliament house to lay Powder in to blow up King and Parliament' VII: 'The Cellar under ye Parliament house with 20 Barrels of Powder in it covered with 1000 Billets &amp; Faggots' VIII: 'a Letter sent to ye Ld. Monteagle to inform him of ye Plot in doubtful words &amp; he communicates it to ye King' IX: 'The Letter of the Ld Monteagle read in Council and ye places about ye Parliamt house ordered to be searcht' X: 'Guy Faukes brought to ye Council where he laments nothing but yt he had not Executed his designe' Knave: 'Guy Faukes found at the Celler door with dark Lanthorn and Matches.' Queen: 'The Council gave order to the Lord Mayor for a strict Watch at the City Gates.' King: 'Bonfires are made in London for joy the Gunpowder Treason was discovered.' Da\" width=\"750\" height=\"1218\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Korabeli k\u00e1rtyapakli az angol-spanyol \u00f6sszecsap\u00e1s k\u00e9peivel. M\u00e9g t\u00f6bb k\u00e1rtya <a href=\"http:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/research\/collection_online\/collection_object_details\/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&amp;assetid=550880001&amp;objectid=3120261\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">itt!<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> A m\u00e1sik spanyolokat akad\u00e1lyoz\u00f3 t\u00e9nyez\u0151 az angol propagandag\u00e9pezet volt, ami nagyon tudatosan igyekezte rombolni a spanyol mor\u00e1lt \u00e9s tulajdonk\u00e9ppen ez lett az egyik alapja az angol \u201espanyol armada pusztul\u00e1sa\u201d-m\u00edtosznak is. M\u00e1r 1587 j\u00falius\u00e1t\u00f3l \u2013 Walsingham megrendel\u00e9s\u00e9re \u2013 \u00fajs\u00e1gcikkek \u00e9s almanachok jelentek meg Angli\u00e1ban, P\u00e1rizsban \u00e9s Amszterdamban, amelyek tengeri viharokat \u00e9s a spanyol flotta teljes pusztul\u00e1s\u00e1t j\u00f3solt\u00e1k meg (mint ut\u00f3lag kider\u00fclt sikerrel).<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote25sym\" name=\"sdendnote25anc\"><sup>xxv<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Emellett m\u00e1r 1587-ben az angolok megkezdt\u00e9k a katonai felk\u00e9sz\u00fcl\u00e9st is a spanyol t\u00e1mad\u00e1sra. Mobiliz\u00e1lt\u00e1k az angol flott\u00e1t, a partokon f\u00e9ny-jelz\u0151rendszert alak\u00edtottak ki, illetve mozg\u00f3s\u00edtottak a partok v\u00e9delm\u00e9re hozz\u00e1vet\u0151leg 65 ezer katon\u00e1t (meglehet\u0151sen vegyes harc\u00e9rt\u00e9kkel), illetve a vesz\u00e9lyesnek \u00edt\u00e9lt katolikusokat beb\u00f6rt\u00f6n\u00f6zt\u00e9k. A felk\u00e9sz\u00fcl\u00e9s sor\u00e1n a gazdas\u00e1gi szempontok is fontosak voltak, mivel az angol kincst\u00e1r szinte \u00fcres volt, \u00e9s hitelhez sem tudott hozz\u00e1jutni.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote26sym\" name=\"sdendnote26anc\"><sup>xxvi<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 317px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media1.britannica.com\/eb-media\/86\/5886-004-263E1CA0.gif\" alt=\"Armada, Spanish\" width=\"317\" height=\"697\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/kids.britannica.com\/kids\/assembly\/view\/163575\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Az Armada \u00fatja \u00e9s nagyobb \u00f6sszecsap\u00e1sai<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> 1588 febru\u00e1rj\u00e1ban meghalt Santa Cruz m\u00e1rki, az armada kinevezett parancsnoka. II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p k\u00e9t nap alatt megoldotta a bizonytalan helyzetet, \u00e9s kinevezte Medina Sidonia hetedik herceg\u00e9t. Az angol \u00e9s a hazai szakirodalom is ambivalensen \u00e9rt\u00e9kelte az \u00faj flottaparancsnok szem\u00e9ly\u00e9t \u00e9s tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9t, t\u00f6bben \u0151t hib\u00e1ztatt\u00e1k a kudarc\u00e9rt. A leg\u00fajabb szakirodalom azonban ezt alapvet\u0151en nem teszi, \u00e9s egy kifejezetten tehets\u00e9ges adminisztr\u00e1tornak \u00e9s vezet\u0151nek tekinti, akinek azonban nem volt tengeri tapasztalata, ugyanakkor hatalmas mennyis\u00e9g\u0171 logisztikai szervez\u0151munk\u00e1t v\u00e9gzett, hogy az armada indul\u00e1sra k\u00e9sz \u00e1llapotba ker\u00fclhessen.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote27sym\" name=\"sdendnote27anc\"><sup>xxvii<\/sup><\/a> K\u00f6zel h\u00fasz h\u00f3nap politikai, gazdas\u00e1gi \u00e9s katonai felk\u00e9sz\u00fcl\u00e9s ut\u00e1n 1588 m\u00e1jus\u00e1ra az armada felk\u00e9sz\u00fclt a v\u00e1llalkoz\u00e1sra. Ekkor 129 haj\u00f3b\u00f3l \u00e1llt \u00e9s 26,170 katon\u00e1t \u00e9s tenger\u00e9szt sz\u00e1ll\u00edtott. K\u00e9s\u0151bb ez a l\u00e9tsz\u00e1m t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r v\u00e1ltozott. A flott\u00e1t 2,485 \u00e1gy\u00faval l\u00e1tt\u00e1k el.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote28sym\" name=\"sdendnote28anc\"><sup>xxviii<\/sup><\/a> Az angoloknak m\u00e1r m\u00e1jus 7-\u00e9n rendelkez\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00e1llt egy k\u00e9mjelent\u00e9s, amely 125\u2013130 k\u00f6z\u00f6tti haj\u00f3sz\u00e1mr\u00f3l t\u00e1j\u00e9koztatott.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote29sym\" name=\"sdendnote29anc\"><sup>xxix<\/sup><\/a> Flandri\u00e1ban pedig Parma parancsnoks\u00e1ga alatt 26, 000 f\u0151s gyalogs\u00e1g \u00e9s 1,000 f\u0151s lovass\u00e1g gy\u0171lt \u00f6ssze, mint inv\u00e1zi\u00f3s hader\u0151. Ezt a v\u00e9gs\u0151 terv szerint cs\u00f3nakokon kellett volna felsz\u00e1ll\u00edtani a La Manche csatorn\u00e1t biztos\u00edt\u00f3 armada fed\u00e9lzet\u00e9re. <a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote30sym\" name=\"sdendnote30anc\"><sup>xxx<\/sup><\/a> A spanyol armada v\u00e9g\u00fcl m\u00e1jus 9-\u00e9n kihaj\u00f3zott Lisszabonb\u00f3l, \u00e9s ezzel megkezd\u0151d\u00f6tt a nagy v\u00e1llalkoz\u00e1s.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote31sym\" name=\"sdendnote31anc\"><sup>xxxi<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>Harcok a csatorn\u00e1n<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">M\u00e1r k\u00e9t h\u00e9ttel az elindul\u00e1s ut\u00e1n elkezdtek fogyni a felhalmozott k\u00e9szletek,<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote32sym\" name=\"sdendnote32anc\"><sup>xxxii<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e1ad\u00e1sul az armad\u00e1t egy vihar zil\u00e1lta sz\u00e9t j\u00fanius 21-\u00e9n, \u00edgy azt \u00fajra \u00f6ssze kellett gy\u0171jteni Corunn\u00e1n\u00e1l (La Coru\u00f1a).<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote33sym\" name=\"sdendnote33anc\"><sup>xxxiii<\/sup><\/a> A j\u00falius 13-i corunnai seregszemle szerint a flotta 129 haj\u00f3b\u00f3l \u00e1llt, \u00e9s 25,700 embert sz\u00e1ll\u00edtott. V\u00e9g\u00fcl j\u00falius 21-\u00e9n haj\u00f3ztak ki a corunnai kik\u00f6t\u0151b\u0151l \u00e9s v\u00e1nszorogtak tov\u00e1bb a c\u00e9lter\u00fclet fel\u00e9.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote34sym\" name=\"sdendnote34anc\"><sup>xxxiv<\/sup><\/a> Az armada j\u00falius 30-\u00e1n, szombat kora reggel l\u00e1tta meg el\u0151sz\u00f6r az ellens\u00e9ges partokat. Medina Sidonia azonnal haditan\u00e1csot h\u00edvott \u00f6ssze, ahol a legnagyobb probl\u00e9ma az volt, hogy semmilyen h\u00edr\u00fck nem volt P\u00e1rm\u00e1r\u00f3l \u00e9s csapatair\u00f3l. E napt\u00f3l kezdve az angol, t\u00f6bb mint sz\u00e1z haj\u00f3b\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 flotta folyamatosan zaklatta az armad\u00e1t, amelyben sokkal ink\u00e1bb szerencs\u00e9tlen balesetek tettek k\u00e1rt, semmint a brit t\u00e1mad\u00e1sok.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote35sym\" name=\"sdendnote35anc\"><sup>xxxv<\/sup><\/a> A kisebb-nagyobb \u00f6sszecsap\u00e1sok sor\u00e1ban az augusztus 8-i esem\u00e9nyek hoztak fordulatot.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote36sym\" name=\"sdendnote36anc\"><sup>xxxvi<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Hajnalban ugyanis az angolok nyolc robban\u00f3anyagokkal megrakott haj\u00f3t k\u00fcldtek a spanyol z\u00e1rt alakzatba. Komoly k\u00e1rt nem tettek, mivel a spanyol haj\u00f3k kit\u00e9rtek el\u0151l\u00fck, horgonyk\u00f6teleiket elv\u00e1gt\u00e1k, ellenben sz\u00e9tzil\u00e1lt\u00e1k a spanyol form\u00e1ci\u00f3t, amely csak reggel 10 \u00f3r\u00e1ra tudott visszarendez\u0151dni.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote37sym\" name=\"sdendnote37anc\"><sup>xxxvii<\/sup><\/a> A gy\u00fajt\u00f3haj\u00f3-akci\u00f3 csak a nyit\u00e1nya volt egy eg\u00e9sz napos tengeri k\u00fczdelemnek, a gravelines-i csat\u00e1nak. A spanyol vesztes\u00e9glist\u00e1r\u00f3l t\u00f6bb elt\u00e9r\u0151 adat van (mint szinte minden sz\u00e1madatr\u00f3l az armada kapcs\u00e1n: haj\u00f3sz\u00e1m, l\u00e9tsz\u00e1m, felszerel\u00e9s etc.), ebb\u0151l a k\u00f6z\u00e9p\u00e9rt\u00e9k: 4 els\u00fcllyedt, sz\u00e1mos megrong\u00e1l\u00f3dott haj\u00f3, t\u00f6bb mint 1000 halott \u00e9s hozz\u00e1vet\u0151leg 800 sebes\u00fclt.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote38sym\" name=\"sdendnote38anc\"><sup>xxxviii<\/sup><\/a> Ez \u00f6nmag\u00e1ban nem magas sz\u00e1m, \u00edgy az armada m\u00e9g e nap fordulatai ut\u00e1n is jelent\u0151s \u00e9s fenyeget\u0151 hader\u0151 maradt a csatorn\u00e1n.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote39sym\" name=\"sdendnote39anc\"><sup>xxxix<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.artuk.org\/w1200h1200\/SHEF\/SHEF_MSH_VIS_1422.jpg\" alt=\"The Last of the Spanish Armada\" width=\"800\" height=\"552\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Az egyik z\u00e1tonyra futott spanyol haj\u00f3, a parton szerencs\u00e9s t\u00fal\u00e9l\u0151kkel<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">A legdr\u00e1maiabb fordulat azonban m\u00e1snap, augusztus 9-\u00e9n t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt: a hajnal \u00f3ta fokoz\u00f3d\u00f3 \u00e9szaknyugati sz\u00e9l egyre k\u00f6zelebb sodorta a flott\u00e1t a sek\u00e9ly \u00e9s ez\u00e9rt rettegett flandriai partokhoz. Tulajdonk\u00e9ppen ekkor \u00e9rte az armad\u00e1t az egyetlen szerencse, mivel a sz\u00e9lir\u00e1ny megfordult, \u00e9s megmentett a haj\u00f3kat a z\u00e1tonyra fut\u00e1st\u00f3l.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote40sym\" name=\"sdendnote40anc\"><sup>xl<\/sup><\/a> Az augusztus 9-i d\u00e9lut\u00e1ni haditan\u00e1cson Medina Sidonia \u00e9s parancsnokai amellett d\u00f6nt\u00f6ttek, hogy \u00e9szakr\u00f3l megker\u00fclve a brit szigeteket hazat\u00e9rnek. Ugyanezen a napon P\u00e1rma is meghozta d\u00f6nt\u00e9s\u00e9t, hallva a csatazajt a csatorn\u00e1n, nem haj\u00f3zta be csapatait a cs\u00f3nakokra.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote41sym\" name=\"sdendnote41anc\"><sup>xli<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Ezut\u00e1n kezd\u0151d\u00f6tt meg az armada vessz\u0151fut\u00e1sa a sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra idegen vizeken, az Atlanti-\u00f3ce\u00e1non.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote42sym\" name=\"sdendnote42anc\"><sup>xlii<\/sup><\/a> Az \u00edr \u00e9s sk\u00f3t partokon legal\u00e1bb 27 haj\u00f3 futott z\u00e1tonyra.<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote43sym\" name=\"sdendnote43anc\"><sup>xliii<\/sup><\/a> Azaz messze t\u00f6bbet vesz\u00edtettek a spanyolok itt, mint a kor\u00e1bbi 9 napos \u201edogfight\u201dsor\u00e1n!<\/span><\/p>\n<div class='code-block code-block-3' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- baszad\u00e9k -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7992097991\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" align=\"center\"><strong>Jegyzetek \u00e9s felhaszn\u00e1lt forr\u00e1sok<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"sdendnote1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote1anc\" name=\"sdendnote1sym\">i<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u0002<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> The Spanish Armada of 1588: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. London, 1993.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote2anc\" name=\"sdendnote2sym\">ii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u0002<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> Hutchinson, Robert: The Spanish Armada. UK., 2013.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote3anc\" name=\"sdendnote3sym\">iii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u0002<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> Martin, Colin\u2013Parker, Geoffrey: The Spanish Armada. Revised edition. UK., 2002.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote4anc\" name=\"sdendnote4sym\">iv<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u0002<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> Parker, Geoffrey: Imprudent King. A New Life of Philip II. UK., 2014. Geoffrey Parker (1943\u2013) brit t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9sz, aki sz\u00e1mos k\u00f6tet\u00e9t szentelte II. F\u00fcl\u00f6pnek: Philip II. Boston, London, 1978, The Grand Strategy of Philip II. USA, 2000.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote5anc\" name=\"sdendnote5sym\">v<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> R\u00e9szlet Pedro De Alava level\u00e9b\u0151l, Rouen, 1588. szeptember 1. (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/cal-state-papers\/simancas\/vol4\/pp411-425\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">http:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/cal-state-papers\/simancas\/vol4\/pp411-425<\/span><\/a>) Ford. a szerz\u0151.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote6anc\" name=\"sdendnote6sym\">vi<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> A p\u00e1pas\u00e1g \u00e9s II. F\u00fcl\u00f6p kapcsolat\u00e1r\u00f3l r\u00e9szletesen: Lynch, J.: Philip II and the Papacy. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1961. Vol. 11. 23\u201342.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote7anc\" name=\"sdendnote7sym\">vii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Id\u00e9zi: Parker, Geoffrey: Imprudent king\u2026 i. m. 305. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote8anc\" name=\"sdendnote8sym\">viii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Hanson, Neil: The Confident Hope of a Miracle. The True Story of the Spanish Armada. UK., 2004. 25\u201341.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote9anc\" name=\"sdendnote9sym\">ix<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Hutchinson, R.: The Spanish\u2026 i. m. 10. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote10anc\" name=\"sdendnote10sym\">x<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 11.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote11anc\" name=\"sdendnote11sym\">xi<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 21\u201322.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote12anc\" name=\"sdendnote12sym\">xii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 23.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote13anc\" name=\"sdendnote13sym\">xiii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 24.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote14anc\" name=\"sdendnote14sym\">xiv<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup> <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><i>\u201eWhen, in March 1584, Walter Raleigh fell heir to Gilbert&#8217;s patent, the Spaniards were presented for the first time with a sequence of persistent though small-scale English attempts to establish a permanent foothold on the American coast north of their Florida outposts. These continued as the scale of English raids on the Indies seemed to be mounting towards the climax of an all-out assault, for which the Armada of I588 finally seemed the only remedy and which, in spite of its failure to conquer England, had the desired result of diverting the main English attack from the Indies. The Spanish government, therefore, took most seriously any news about English settlements in North America and, indeed, it was only by a series of mischances that they did not wipe out the Roanoke colony and themselves establish a strong, continuing fortress on Chesapeake Bay.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> (Quinn, D. B.: Some Spanish Reactions to Elizabethan Colonial Enterprises. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1951. Vol. 1. 6.)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote15anc\" name=\"sdendnote15sym\">xv<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 29\u201333.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote16anc\" name=\"sdendnote16sym\">xvi<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 37.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote17anc\" name=\"sdendnote17sym\">xvii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 39.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote18anc\" name=\"sdendnote18sym\">xviii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote19anc\" name=\"sdendnote19sym\">xix<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Err\u0151l b\u0151vebben<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">: Stradling, R. A.:The Armada of Flanders. Spanish Maritime Policy and European War, 1568\u20131668. UK., 1992, Wernham, R. B.: The Return of the Armadas. The Last Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain 1595\u20131603. Clarendon Press, 1994, Tenace, Edward: A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony. The English Historical Review 2003. Vol. 118, no. 478. 855\u2013882.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote20anc\" name=\"sdendnote20sym\">xx<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup> <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><i>\u201ePhilip\u2019s debts did not exceed future discounted primary surpluses. Rising debt was met with rising revenue. Contrary to received wisdom, Philip II&#8217;s debts were sustainable throughout his reign. Castile\u2019s fiscal position only weakened after the defeat of the \u2018Invincible Armada,\u2019 and this deterioration was mild. Far from being undermined by reckless spending and weak fiscal institutions, Castile&#8217;s finances mainly suffered large, temporary shocks as a result of military events. [&#8230;] Our findings suggest that earlier assessments of Philip&#8217;s finances have been too pessimistic.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> (Drelichman, Mauricio\u2013Voth, Hans-Joachim: The Sustainable Debts of Philip II. A Reconstruction of Castile\u2019s Fiscal Position, 1566-1596. The Journal of Economic History 2010. Vol. 70, no. 4. 814\u2013815.) S\u0151t, a portug\u00e1l flotta sem roppant \u00f6ssze a kudarc miatt, amint azt t\u00f6bb portug\u00e1l t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9sz \u00e1ll\u00edtotta: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><i>\u201e<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><i>To explain the downfall of Portuguese seapower in the first quarter of the seventeenth century, Portuguese historians generally adopt the thesis that Philip II used the entire Portuguese fleet in the organization of the \u2018Invincible Armada,\u2019 that this fleet was almost entirely lost in the campaign against England (1588), and that the Portuguese navy was never able to recover from this tremendous disaster. [&#8230;] These facets make it clear that the losses undergone by the Portuguese fleet in the campaign of the Invincible Armada were perfectly sustainable and cannot be considered responsible for the downfall of Portuguese seapower.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> (Monteiro, Armando da Silva Saturnino: The Decline and Fall of Portuguese Seapower, 1583\u20131663. The Journal of Military History 2001. Vol. 65, no. 1. 10\u201311.)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote21anc\" name=\"sdendnote21sym\">xxi<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup> <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><i>\u201eKnows he has ample advice of the malicious designs of the Papists against England, \u2018under the name of the Spaniards\u2019 supposed quarrels or Spanish invasions\u2019; yet feels bound to declare what he hears spoken against his prince and country. Conversing lately with certain Jesuits, gentlemen, and other English Papists in the King of Spain\u2019s service, who believed him to be of their religion, he learned \u2018that the great armies that are coming out of Spain by sea are least or nothing at all of the King of Spain his charges. He only bears the name, and the League pays the expenses. Notwithstanding, his treasures are largely laid out by his lieutenant, the Prince of Parma, in these Low Countries. Further, that all princes and all bishops under the papistical dominions are contributary to these wars, whose purses (they affirm) to be full and their powers to be mighty\u2026 And, said they, if the armies fail their purpose this year, yet their wealths will never want to weary her Majesty in the end. These and such-like hateful speeches these enemies pronounced, with many blasphemous words against her Majesty, your honour, and other lords of her Privy Council\u2026 Further the said enemies seemed greatly to rejoice that they had heard sore complaints out of England that the poor people were oppressed with finding of men and munition more than they were able, and that many strangers would quit the land because they were overcharged. Now, say they, if her subjects cry out already of oppressions before the wars begin, what will they do when the wars have lasted three or four years together? \u2026\u2019 [\u2026]\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> (Robert Hilles, servant to Richard Scofeld, to Walsingham. Holograph. Dated, at the head, \u201cLaus Deo in Calais, 4 July.\u201d Add. Endd. 2 pp. [France XVIII. 121.] Interneten el\u00e9rhet\u0151: http:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/cal-state-papers\/foreign\/vol22\/pp11-26 Kiemel\u00e9sek t\u0151lem.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote22anc\" name=\"sdendnote22sym\">xxii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Hutchinson, R.: The Spanish\u2026 i. m. 57. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote23anc\" name=\"sdendnote23sym\">xxiii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> De Lamar Jensen: The Spanish Armada: The Worst-Kept Secret in Europe. The Sixteenth Century Journal 1988. Vol. 19, no. 4. 641. (Az armad\u00e1val kapcsolatban az \u00e1rul\u00e1sokr\u00f3l, cselsz\u00f6v\u00e9sekr\u0151l m\u00e9g: Mitchell Leimon-Geoffrey Parker: Treason and Plot in Elizabethan Diplomacy: The \u201cFame of Sir Edward Stafford\u201d Reconsidered. The English Historical Review. 1996. Vol. 111, no. 444. 1134\u20131158.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote24anc\" name=\"sdendnote24sym\">xxiv<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote25anc\" name=\"sdendnote25sym\">xxv<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Hutchinson, R.: The Spanish\u2026 i. m. 57<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u2013<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">58.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote26anc\" name=\"sdendnote26sym\">xxvi<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 59<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u2013<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">75. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote27anc\" name=\"sdendnote27sym\">xxvii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 78.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote28anc\" name=\"sdendnote28sym\">xxviii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 89. Az egy\u00e9b felszerel\u00e9sr\u0151l r\u00e9szletesen ld. ugyanitt.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote29anc\" name=\"sdendnote29sym\">xxix<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 94.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote30anc\" name=\"sdendnote30sym\">xxx<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 91.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote31anc\" name=\"sdendnote31sym\">xxxi<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Hanson, N.: The Confident Hope\u2026 i. m. 171.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote32anc\" name=\"sdendnote32sym\">xxxii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 177.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote33anc\" name=\"sdendnote33sym\">xxxiii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 182, Hutchinson, R.: The Spanish\u2026 i. m. 102<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u2013<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">106.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote34\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote34anc\" name=\"sdendnote34sym\">xxxiv<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 109.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote35\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote35anc\" name=\"sdendnote35sym\">xxxv<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 118<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u2013<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">160.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"western\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote36anc\" name=\"sdendnote36sym\">xxxvi<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> A katonai esem\u00e9nyeket legr\u00e9szletesebben az al\u00e1bbi k\u00f6tet \u00edrja le: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Baratt, John: Armada 1588. The Spanish Assault on England. UK., 2005<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. E munka annyiban ritka kiv\u00e9telt k\u00e9pez az angol szakmonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1k z\u00f6m\u00e9hez k\u00e9pest, hogy kifejezetten a hadj\u00e1ratot \u00e9s csat\u00e1it \u00edrja le, az el\u0151zm\u00e9nyekre mind\u00f6ssze 30 oldalt sz\u00e1n! <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote37\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote37anc\" name=\"sdendnote37sym\">xxxvii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Hutchinson, R.: The Spanish\u2026 i. m. 165.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote38\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote38anc\" name=\"sdendnote38sym\">xxxviii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 169. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote39\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote39anc\" name=\"sdendnote39sym\">xxxix<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote40\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote40anc\" name=\"sdendnote40sym\">xl<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup> <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Baratt, J.: Armada 1588&#8230; 110\u2013111. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote41\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote41anc\" name=\"sdendnote41sym\">xli<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Hutchinson, R.: The Spanish\u2026 i. m. 170.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote42\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote42anc\" name=\"sdendnote42sym\">xlii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 182<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u2013<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">201.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote43\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote43anc\" name=\"sdendnote43sym\">xliii<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"> Uo. 184.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/static.artuk.org\/w1200h1200\/NMM\/NMM_NMMG_BHC0264.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><strong>A nyit\u00f3k\u00e9pen a spanyol Armada legy\u0151z\u00e9se 1588. augusztus 8-\u00e1n. Philip James de Loutherbourg festm\u00e9nye, 1796<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Illik P\u00e9ter A spanyol armad\u00e1ra vonatkoz\u00f3 angol szakirodalom szinte kimer\u00edthetetlen. Ezt j\u00f3l jelzi Euegene L. Rasor 300 oldalas annot\u00e1lt bibliogr\u00e1fi\u00e1ja, amely a t\u00e9ma angolsz\u00e1sz \u00e9s spanyol forr\u00e1sait \u00e9s szakirodalm\u00e1t tartalmazza 1993-ig.i A legt\u00f6bb armad\u00e1val foglalkoz\u00f3 modern angol munka meglehet\u0151sen keveset foglalkozik mag\u00e1val az 1588. j\u00falius \u00e9s augusztus\u00e1ban t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt harci \u00e9rintkez\u00e9sekkel, ellenben sokkal t\u00f6bb teret ad az el\u0151zm\u00e9nyeknek \u00e9s a k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyeknek. Erre j\u00f3 p\u00e9lda az egyik leg\u00fajabb \u2013 \u00e1ltalam is sokat haszn\u00e1lt \u00e9s id\u00e9zett \u2013 k\u00f6tet Robert Hutchinsont\u00f3l,ii mivel a 250 oldal terjedelm\u0171 f\u0151sz\u00f6vegb\u0151l mind\u00f6ssze 40 oldal sz\u00f3l kifejezetten hadi esem\u00e9nyekr\u0151l.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4663,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,157],"tags":[386,81,151,548,564,270],"class_list":["post-4660","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egyeb","category-kora_ujkor","tag-anglia","tag-haditengereszet","tag-hajozas","tag-i-erzsebet","tag-ii-fulop","tag-spanyolorszag"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4660","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4660"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4660\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5072,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4660\/revisions\/5072"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4663"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4660"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4660"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4660"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}