{"id":220,"date":"2016-10-22T12:07:55","date_gmt":"2016-10-22T12:07:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/?p=220"},"modified":"2023-08-17T08:06:13","modified_gmt":"2023-08-17T08:06:13","slug":"az-antant-titkos-szerzodesei-az-elso-vilaghaboru-alatt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/2016\/10\/22\/az-antant-titkos-szerzodesei-az-elso-vilaghaboru-alatt\/","title":{"rendered":"Az antant (titkos) szerz\u0151d\u00e9sei az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa alatt"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Szegedy-Kloska Tam\u00e1s<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Rom\u00e1nia az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00faban 1916. augusztus 17-\u00e9n csatlakozott az antanthoz, t\u00edz nappal k\u00e9s\u0151bb, augusztus 27-\u00e9n pedig elrendelt\u00e9k a rom\u00e1n hadsereg mozg\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9s m\u00e9g aznap meg\u00e9rkezett a had\u00fczenet is a k\u00f6zponti hatalmak fel\u00e9. B\u00e1r a vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa kit\u00f6r\u00e9sekor Rom\u00e1nia m\u00e9g a h\u00e1rmas sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g tagja volt, 1916-ig azonban semleges \u00e1llamk\u00e9nt kimaradt a konfliktusb\u00f3l. Milyen \u00edg\u00e9retekkel r\u00e1ntotta be az antant a h\u00e1bor\u00faba az orsz\u00e1got, \u00e9s milyen tov\u00e1bbi szerz\u0151d\u00e9seket k\u00f6t\u00f6tt a vil\u00e1g\u00e9g\u00e9s sor\u00e1n? Mit tartott be ezekb\u0151l az 1919\u20131920-as p\u00e1rizsi b\u00e9kekonferencia idej\u00e9n? A cikk t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt ezekre a k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekre v\u00e1laszol.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class='code-block code-block-1' style='text-align: center; margin: 13px auto;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- oldalhirdet\u00e9s -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"5518896799\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_221\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-221\" style=\"width: 536px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-221\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/wwi_poster_rumania.jpg\" alt=\"1918-ban megjelent ropagandaplak\u00e1t Rom\u00e1nia hadbal\u00e9p\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l. Forr\u00e1s: Library of Congress\" width=\"536\" height=\"813\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-221\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">1918-ban megjelent ropagandaplak\u00e1t Rom\u00e1nia hadbal\u00e9p\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l. Forr\u00e1s: Library of Congress<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1916 augusztus\u00e1nak v\u00e9g\u00e9n a rom\u00e1nok szak\u00edtva az addigi semlegess\u00e9ggel az Osztr\u00e1k\u2013Magyar Monarchia megt\u00e1mad\u00e1sa mellett d\u00f6nt\u00f6ttek. A cikk ennek az esem\u00e9nynek az aprop\u00f3j\u00e1b\u00f3l sz\u00fcletett, ez\u00e9rt a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151kben az antant h\u00e1bor\u00fa alatti titkos szerz\u0151d\u00e9seit vessz\u00fck sz\u00e1mba (a teljess\u00e9g ig\u00e9nye n\u00e9lk\u00fcl). A t\u00e9ma komplexit\u00e1sa miatt a k\u00e9rd\u00e9sk\u00f6r r\u00e9szletesebb bemutat\u00e1s\u00e1ra jelen keretek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt nincsen lehet\u0151s\u00e9g, a t\u00e9mak\u00f6r ir\u00e1nt m\u00e9lyebben \u00e9rdekl\u0151d\u0151knek b\u0151s\u00e9ges szakirodalom \u00e1ll rendelkez\u00e9s\u00e9re, amelyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a cikk v\u00e9g\u00e9n tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 irodalomlista seg\u00edt eligazodni. El\u00f6lj\u00e1r\u00f3ban fontos lesz\u00f6gezni, hogy az els\u0151 vil\u00e1g\u00e9g\u00e9s elej\u00e9n az antanthatalmak vezet\u0151 politikusainak m\u00e9g nem volt c\u00e9lja az Osztr\u00e1k\u2013Magyar Monarchia feldarabol\u00e1sa (kiv\u00e9ve az oroszokat), a britek p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul az eur\u00f3pai er\u0151egyens\u00faly egyik biztos\u00edt\u00e9k\u00e1t l\u00e1tt\u00e1k a Habsburg Monarchi\u00e1ban.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">\u201e<\/span>&#8230;sajnos vannak brit \u00e9s francia \u00e1llamf\u00e9rfiak, akik meg\u0151rizt\u00e9k rokonszenv\u00fcket a Monarchia ir\u00e1nt \u2013\u00a0vagyis nem akarj\u00e1k likvid\u00e1lni.\u201d\u00a0<\/em><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A fordulatban nagy szerepet j\u00e1tszottak Ausztria\u2013Magyarorsz\u00e1g emigr\u00e1ci\u00f3ban l\u00e9v\u0151 nemzetis\u00e9gi vezet\u0151i (Masaryk, Bene\u0161, \u0160tef\u00e1nik, Trumbi\u0107 stb.) \u00e9s t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a Monarchia nagy kritikusai, a brit Henry Wickham Steed (a <em>The Times<\/em> b\u00e9csi tud\u00f3s\u00edt\u00f3ja), valamint a v\u00e1ndorl\u00f3 sk\u00f3t (<em>Scotus Viator<\/em>) \u00e1ln\u00e9ven tev\u00e9kenyked\u0151 Robert William Seton-Watson publicista is. A h\u00e1bor\u00fa m\u00e1sodik fel\u00e9re d\u0151lt el az anakronisztikusnak tartott Habsburg Monarchia sz\u00e9tz\u00faz\u00e1sa. (Ehhez m\u00e9g hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rult az is, hogy 1918 \u0151sz\u00e9n Woodrow Wilson amerikai eln\u00f6k jelezte B\u00e9cs sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, hogy az eln\u00f6k 14 pontj\u00e1b\u00f3l a tizedik [\u201eAusztria-Magyarorsz\u00e1g n\u00e9pei r\u00e9sz\u00e9re, amelyeknek hely\u00e9t a nemzetek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt oltalmazni \u00e9s biztos\u00edtani k\u00edv\u00e1njuk, meg kell adni az \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 fejl\u0151d\u00e9s legszabadabb lehet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t\u201d]\u00a0m\u00e1r nem \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes a Monarchi\u00e1ra n\u00e9zve.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bukarest a 19. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9g\u00e9n m\u00e9g B\u00e9cs \u00e9s Budapest bar\u00e1tja volt, legal\u00e1bbis a nemzetk\u00f6zi szerz\u0151d\u00e9sek szintj\u00e9n. 1883. okt\u00f3ber 30-\u00e1n az Osztr\u00e1k\u2013Magyar Monarchia \u00e9s Rom\u00e1nia k\u00fcl\u00fcgyminiszterei titkos szerz\u0151d\u00e9st \u00edrtak al\u00e1 B\u00e9csben. A N\u00e9met Cs\u00e1sz\u00e1rs\u00e1g m\u00e9g aznap jelezte csatlakoz\u00e1s\u00e1t, majd az egyezm\u00e9nyhez 1888. m\u00e1jus 15-\u00e9n az Olasz Kir\u00e1lys\u00e1g is csatlakozott, \u00edgy Rom\u00e1nia a gyakorlatban t\u00e1rsult az osztr\u00e1k\u2013magyar\u2013n\u00e9met\u2013olasz h\u00e1rmassz\u00f6vets\u00e9ghez. Az al\u00e1bbiakban ebb\u0151l a szerz\u0151d\u00e9sb\u0151l id\u00e9z\u00fcnk:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">\u201e<\/span>Osztr\u00e1k\u2013magyar\u2013rom\u00e1n szerz\u0151d\u00e9s \u00e9s N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1g csatlakoz\u00e1sa (1883. okt\u00f3ber 30., B\u00e9cs)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>\u0150fels\u00e9ge Ausztria cs\u00e1sz\u00e1ra, Magyarorsz\u00e1g apostoli kir\u00e1lya \u00e9s \u0150fels\u00e9ge Rom\u00e1nia kir\u00e1lya a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 bar\u00e1ts\u00e1gi \u00e9s sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi szerz\u0151d\u00e9st k\u00f6t\u00f6tt\u00e9k:\u00a0[&#8230;]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>2. cikk. Ha Rom\u00e1nia, r\u00e9sz\u00e9r\u0151l b\u00e1rmin\u0151 provok\u00e1ci\u00f3 n\u00e9lk\u00fcl, Oroszorsz\u00e1gt\u00f3l megt\u00e1madtatn\u00e9k, Ausztria\u2013Magyarorsz\u00e1g k\u00f6teles idejekor\u00e1n a t\u00e1mad\u00f3 ellen seg\u00edts\u00e9get \u00e9s t\u00e1mogat\u00e1st ny\u00fajtani neki. Ha Ausztria\u2013Magyarorsz\u00e1g, ugyanilyen k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, \u00e1llamainak Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1val szomsz\u00e9dos valamely r\u00e9sz\u00e9ben megt\u00e1madtatn\u00e9k, a casus foederis <\/em>[a nemzetk\u00f6zi jogban \u00e9s politikai sz\u00f3haszn\u00e1latban azok a k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek, amelyeknek be\u00e1lltakor az el\u0151z\u0151leg megk\u00f6t\u00f6tt nemzetk\u00f6zi sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g hat\u00e1lyoss\u00e1 v\u00e1lik]<em>\u00a0Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1ra n\u00e9zve azonnal be\u00e1ll.\u00a0[&#8230;]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>4. cikk. Ha a magas szerz\u0151d\u0151 felek, [&#8230;] az el\u0151bbi szakaszokban eml\u00edtett felt\u00e9telek mellett k\u00f6z\u00f6s h\u00e1bor\u00fara k\u00e9nyszer\u00fcln\u00e9nek, k\u00f6telezik magukat, hogy a b\u00e9k\u00e9r\u0151l sem k\u00fcl\u00f6n nem t\u00e1rgyalnak, sem k\u00fcl\u00f6n b\u00e9k\u00e9t nem k\u00f6tnek.\u00a0[&#8230;]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>\u0150fels\u00e9ge N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1g cs\u00e1sz\u00e1ra \u00e9s Poroszorsz\u00e1g kir\u00e1lya felh\u00edvatott, hogy a fent eml\u00edtett szerz\u0151d\u00e9s hat\u00e1rozm\u00e1nyaihoz csatlakozz\u00e9k. [&#8230;]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>Kelt B\u00e9csben, 1883. okt\u00f3ber 30-\u00e1n.\u201d<\/em> <strong>[2]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1914-ben, az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa kit\u00f6r\u00e9s\u00e9nek \u00e9v\u00e9ben Rom\u00e1nia tr\u00f3nj\u00e1n a n\u00e9met Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen-h\u00e1zb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 I. K\u00e1roly \u00fclt. Ha leegyszer\u0171s\u00edtj\u00fck a k\u00e9rd\u00e9st, az orsz\u00e1gnak a fenn\u00e1ll\u00f3 sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi szerz\u0151d\u00e9se mellett m\u00e1r csak emiatt is a k\u00f6zponti hatalmak oldal\u00e1n <em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">\u201e<\/span><\/em>illett volna<em>\u201d<\/em> bel\u00e9pnie a h\u00e1bor\u00faba. A szarajev\u00f3i mer\u00e9nylet ut\u00e1n azonban a kir\u00e1ly felsz\u00f3l\u00edt\u00e1sa ellen\u00e9re sem szavazta meg a rom\u00e1n koronatan\u00e1cs a Monarchia oldal\u00e1n val\u00f3 hadba l\u00e9p\u00e9st, \u00e9s nem sokkal Olaszorsz\u00e1g ut\u00e1n (1914. augusztus 2.) Rom\u00e1nia is deklar\u00e1lta semlegess\u00e9g\u00e9t (augusztus 3.), hasonl\u00f3 indokra hivatkozva, mint amelyre az olaszok (a k\u00e9s\u0151bbiekben erre m\u00e9g kit\u00e9r\u00fcnk).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hajdu Tibor \u00e9s Pollmann Ferenc 2014-ben megjelent k\u00f6nyv\u00e9ben\u00a0<strong>[3]<\/strong>r\u00e9szletezi, hogy Oroszorsz\u00e1g m\u00e1r 1914-ben, r\u00f6gt\u00f6n a \u00a0h\u00e1bor\u00fa kit\u00f6r\u00e9se ut\u00e1n felaj\u00e1nlotta Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1nak Erd\u00e9lyt \u00e9s Magyarorsz\u00e1g m\u00e1s rom\u00e1nlakta ter\u00fcleteit, tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 D\u00e9l-Bukovin\u00e1t, \u00e1m a rom\u00e1n korm\u00e1ny ekkor m\u00e9g nem volt biztos az antant gy\u0151zelm\u00e9ben, ez\u00e9rt\u00a0ink\u00e1bb a kiv\u00e1r\u00e1sra j\u00e1tszott.\u00a0Ennek ellen\u00e9re 1914. okt\u00f3ber 1-\u00e9n titkos <strong><em>orosz\u2013rom\u00e1n szerz\u0151d\u00e9st<\/em><\/strong> k\u00f6t\u00f6ttek, amelyben a c\u00e1ri birodalom garant\u00e1lta Rom\u00e1nia ter\u00fcleti integrit\u00e1s\u00e1t, \u00e9s elvben elismerte a Monarchia rom\u00e1nok lakta ter\u00fcleteire t\u00e1masztott rom\u00e1n ig\u00e9nyeket is.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1914. okt\u00f3ber 10-\u00e9n meghalt I. K\u00e1roly rom\u00e1n kir\u00e1ly, a tr\u00f3non unoka\u00f6ccse, I. Ferdin\u00e1nd k\u00f6vette, aki el\u0151dj\u00e9hez hasonl\u00f3an kitartott a semlegess\u00e9gi politika mellett. A tr\u00f3nra l\u00e9p\u00e9s\u00e9t k\u00f6vet\u0151 m\u00e1sf\u00e9l \u00e9vben k\u00fcl\u00f6nf\u00e9le \u00edg\u00e9retekkel mindk\u00e9t hadvisel\u0151 f\u00e9l igyekezett mag\u00e1nak megnyerni Ferdin\u00e1ndot \u00e9s orsz\u00e1g\u00e1t. A k\u00f6zponti hatalmak azonban h\u00e1tr\u00e1nnyal indultak a licit\u00e1l\u00e1sban, mivel Rom\u00e1nia f\u0151 c\u00e9lja Erd\u00e9ly megszerz\u00e9se volt, amit \u00e9rtelemszer\u0171en az Osztr\u00e1k<em>\u2013<\/em>Magyar Monarchia nem k\u00edv\u00e1nt haz\u00e1rdj\u00e1t\u00e9kra feltenni. Ezzel szemben az antant k\u00f6nnyen megtehette, hogy olyan ter\u00fcleteket k\u00edn\u00e1l fel, amelyek a rom\u00e1n terjeszked\u00e9s szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l fontosak.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_222\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-222\" style=\"width: 319px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-222\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/250px-Carol_I_of_Romania_king.jpg\" alt=\"I. K\u00e1roly (ur. 1886 [el\u0151sz\u00f6r fejedelem, majd 1881-t\u0151l kir\u00e1ly] \u20131914) Forr\u00e1s: wikimedia commons\" width=\"319\" height=\"451\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-222\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">I. K\u00e1roly (ur. 1886 [el\u0151sz\u00f6r fejedelem, majd 1881-t\u0151l kir\u00e1ly] \u20131914) Forr\u00e1s: wikimedia commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_223\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-223\" style=\"width: 341px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-223\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/34963r.jpg\" alt=\"I. Ferdin\u00e1nd (ur. 1914\u20131927) portr\u00e9ja. Forr\u00e1s: Library of Congress\" width=\"341\" height=\"470\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-223\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">I. Ferdin\u00e1nd (ur. 1914\u20131927) portr\u00e9ja. Forr\u00e1s: Library of Congress<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A Bruszilov-offenz\u00edva idej\u00e9n Ion Br\u0103tianu rom\u00e1n minisztereln\u00f6k alkudoz\u00e1sainak eredm\u00e9nyek\u00e9nt 1916. augusztus 17-\u00e9n Bukarestben megsz\u00fcletett a titkos egyezm\u00e9ny, ami szab\u00e1lyozta Rom\u00e1nia hadba l\u00e9p\u00e9s\u00e9nek felt\u00e9teleit. A <em><strong>bukaresti szerz\u0151d\u00e9ssel<\/strong><\/em> a Rom\u00e1n Kir\u00e1lys\u00e1g k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9get v\u00e1llalt arra, hogy legk\u00e9s\u0151bb augusztus 28-ig megind\u00edtja a t\u00e1mad\u00e1st a Monarchia ellen, illetve arra, hogy nem k\u00f6t k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00e9k\u00e9t a k\u00f6zponti hatalmakkal. Cser\u00e9be az antant jelent\u0151s osztr\u00e1k\u2013magyar ter\u00fcleteket \u00edg\u00e9rt a rom\u00e1noknak (Erd\u00e9lyt, a Partiumot, a B\u00e1ns\u00e1got (amelyre egy 1915. augusztus 18-\u00e1n k\u00f6t\u00f6tt szerz\u0151d\u00e9s alapj\u00e1n m\u00e1r Szerbia is ig\u00e9nyt tartott) \u00e9s Bukovin\u00e1t). A szerz\u0151d\u00e9sben kik\u00f6t\u00f6tt\u00e9k, hogy a rom\u00e1n t\u00e1mad\u00e1s f\u0151 c\u00e9lja Budapest elfoglal\u00e1sa legyen. R\u00e9szletek a bukaresti szerz\u0151d\u00e9sb\u0151l:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">\u201eRom\u00e1nia szerz\u0151d\u00e9se az antanthatalmakkal (1916. augusztus 17., Bukarest)<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">[&#8230;]<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">3. cikkely. Franciaorsz\u00e1g, Nagy-Britannia, Olaszorsz\u00e1g \u00a0\u00e9s Oroszorsz\u00e1g elismeri Rom\u00e1nia jog\u00e1t a 4. cikkelyben meghat\u00e1rozott, az Osztr\u00e1k\u2013Magyar Monarchi\u00e1hoz tartoz\u00f3 ter\u00fcletek bekebelez\u00e9s\u00e9re.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">4. cikkely. Az el\u0151z\u0151 cikkelyben eml\u00edtett ter\u00fcletek hat\u00e1rai a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151k szerint hat\u00e1roztatnak meg:<br \/>\nEz a hat\u00e1rvonal kezd\u0151dik a Prutn\u00e1l l\u00e9v\u0151 jelenlegi hat\u00e1r ama pontj\u00e1n\u00e1l, amelyik Rom\u00e1nia \u00e9s Oroszorsz\u00e1g hat\u00e1r\u00e1t jelenti [&#8230;], majd k\u00f6veti a Prut foly\u00e1s\u00e1t Gal\u00edcia hat\u00e1r\u00e1ig, addig, ahol a Prut \u00e9s a Caremos foly\u00f3 \u00f6ssze\u00f6mlik. Innent\u0151l kezdve a vonal k\u00f6veti el\u0151bb Gal\u00edcia \u00e9s Bukovina, majd Gal\u00edcia \u00e9s Magyarorsz\u00e1g hat\u00e1r\u00e1t Slogig [&#8230;] a Tisza \u00e9s a Vis\u00f3 v\u00edzv\u00e1laszt\u00f3j\u00e1n vonul \u00e9s Trebusa k\u00f6zs\u00e9gn\u00e9l el\u00e9ri a Tisz\u00e1t, ahonnan a foly\u00f3 jobb partj\u00e1n megy tov\u00e1bb addig a pontig, ahol a Vis\u00f3 a Tisz\u00e1ba \u00f6mlik. Ett\u0151l a pontt\u00f3l kezdve minden\u00fctt a Tisza foly\u00e1s\u00e1t k\u00f6veti, eg\u00e9szen a Szamos be\u00f6ml\u00e9se ut\u00e1n n\u00e9gy kilom\u00e9terre l\u00e9v\u0151 pontig, majd \u2013 V\u00e1s\u00e1rosnam\u00e9nyt Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1nak hagyva \u2013 d\u00e9l-d\u00e9lnyugat fel\u00e9 fordul \u00e9s egy Debrecent\u0151l hat kilom\u00e9terre l\u00e9v\u0151 pontj\u00e1ig, majd h\u00e1rom kilom\u00e9terrel nyugatabbra, Orosh\u00e1za \u00e9s B\u00e9k\u00e9ss\u00e1mson k\u00f6zs\u00e9gekt\u0151l megy tov\u00e1bb [&#8230;]. Ett\u0151l kezdve minden\u00fctt a Tisza foly\u00e1sa ment\u00e9n halad a vonal eg\u00e9szen a Dun\u00e1ba val\u00f3 \u00f6ml\u00e9s\u00e9ig s v\u00e9g\u00fcl a Duna ment\u00e9t k\u00f6veti Rom\u00e1nia jelenlegi hat\u00e1r\u00e1ig. [&#8230;]<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">5. cikkely. Egyr\u00e9szr\u0151l Nagy-Britannia, Franciaorsz\u00e1g, Olaszorsz\u00e1g \u00e9s Oroszorsz\u00e1g, m\u00e1sr\u00e9szr\u0151l Rom\u00e1nia k\u00f6telezik magukat, hogy sem k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00e9k\u00e9t, sem \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos b\u00e9k\u00e9t m\u00e1sk\u00e9nt, mint egy\u00fcttesen \u00e9s egy id\u0151ben, nem k\u00f6tnek. Nagy-Britannia, Franciaorsz\u00e1g, Olaszorsz\u00e1g \u00e9s Ororszorsz\u00e1g ugyancsak k\u00f6telezik magukat arra is, hogy a szerz\u0151d\u00e9s 4. cikkely\u00e9ben meghat\u00e1rozott osztr\u00e1k\u2013magyar ter\u00fclet a rom\u00e1n korona birtokak\u00e9nt kebeleztetik be. [&#8230;]<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">Ez a meg\u00e1llapod\u00e1s \u00f6t p\u00e9ld\u00e1nyban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, Bukarestben, 1916. augusztus 4<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\"><em>\u201317-\u00e9n.<\/em><\/span><strong><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\"><em>\u00a0<\/em>[4]<\/span><\/strong><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_224\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-224\" style=\"width: 770px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-224\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/116.gif\" alt=\"Titkos szerz\u0151d\u00e9sek az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa alatt. Forr\u00e1s: P\u00e1ndi Lajos (szerk.): K\u00f6ztes-Eur\u00f3pa 1763\u20131993 (T\u00e9rk\u00e9pgy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny). Osiris-Sz\u00e1zadv\u00e9g, Bp., 1997.\" width=\"770\" height=\"1137\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-224\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Titkos szerz\u0151d\u00e9sek az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa alatt. Forr\u00e1s: P\u00e1ndi Lajos (szerk.): <em>K\u00f6ztes-Eur\u00f3pa 1763\u20131993 (T\u00e9rk\u00e9pgy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny).<\/em> Osiris-Sz\u00e1zadv\u00e9g, Bp., 1997.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Augusztus 27-\u00e9n este f\u00e9l kilenckor a rom\u00e1n hadsereg \u00e1tl\u00e9pte Magyarorsz\u00e1g hat\u00e1r\u00e1t, majd n\u00e9h\u00e1ny h\u00f3nappal k\u00e9s\u0151bb az osztr\u00e1k\u2013magyar\u2013n\u00e9met seregek Bukarestet is elfoglalva t\u00e9rdre k\u00e9nyszer\u00edtett\u00e9k Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1t. B\u00e1r az osztr\u00e1k\u2013magyar politikai \u00e9s katonai k\u00f6r\u00f6kben m\u00e1r r\u00e9g\u00f3ta sz\u00e1m\u00edtottak a rom\u00e1n t\u00e1mad\u00e1sra, a kor sajt\u00f3j\u00e1nak (\u00e1l?)naivit\u00e1sa szembe\u00f6tl\u0151, mik\u00e9nt b\u00edzott a rom\u00e1n semlegess\u00e9g fenntart\u00e1s\u00e1ban, avagy a k\u00f6zponti hatalmak oldal\u00e1n val\u00f3 hadba l\u00e9p\u00e9sben. A hazai k\u00f6zv\u00e9lem\u00e9nyt felh\u00e1bor\u00edtotta a rom\u00e1n had\u00fczenet, augusztus utols\u00f3 napjaiban hasonl\u00f3 \u00edr\u00e1sok jelentek meg, mint az 1915. m\u00e1jusi olasz had\u00fczenetkor. Az al\u00e1bbi k\u00e9t korabeli sajt\u00f3cikk j\u00f3l illusztr\u00e1lja egyr\u00e9szt a naivit\u00e1st, m\u00e1sr\u00e9szt a hazai felh\u00e1borod\u00e1st:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">\u201e<\/span><strong><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\"><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petre_P._Carp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karp P\u00e9ter<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/em><strong><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\"> [Petre P. Carp]\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">nyilatkozata.<\/span><\/strong><em><strong><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"159.0169598819497\"><strong>Bukarest, aug. 12. <\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"241.81342454303123\">(Saj\u00e1t tud\u00f3sit\u00f3nkt\u00f3l.) Karp<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"149.17162916984006\"> P\u00e9ter v\u00e1laszul <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"252.07125965346532\">egy nyilatkozatra, a melyet\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Take_Ionescu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"39.559988442498096\">Take\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"75.58331435643564\">Joneszku<\/span><\/a><\/em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"65.64954716298553\">\u00a0[Take Ionescu] egy\u00a0<\/span><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"221.88753004569688\">p\u00e9terv\u00e1ri lapnak adott, a\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"67.37425773038842\">Moldova-<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"31.067895239908605\">ban <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"79.17176401370905\">kijelenti, <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"74.29620502665651\">hogy a <\/span><span class=\"hit selected\" data-canvas-width=\"153.258629531607\">rom\u00e1n had\u00fczenet<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"205.80563476770757\"> a magyar \u00e9s osztr\u00e1k<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"436.054595106626\">monarkia ellen csak Joneszku fant\u00e1zi\u00e1j\u00e1ban <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"326.9407083587204\">van. Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1t a mostani harcokban<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"107.0971764470678\"> a sors N\u00e9<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"207.02482328636708\">metorsz\u00e1g mell\u00e9 \u00e1llitja.<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"232.37800887281037\">\u00a0Erre \u00f6tven \u00e9ve k\u00e9sz\u00fc<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"41.18391329017517\">l\u00fcnk.<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"399.69007168697635\"> Ha kil\u00e9p\u00fcnk a semlegess\u00e9gb\u0151l, csak a k\u00f6<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"355.1473647372429\">z\u00e9pponti hatalmak mellett harcolunk.<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"89.08541389946687\"> Nem <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"439.82250708301603\">tudja, honnan veszi azt Joneszku, hogy Ro<\/span><\/em><\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"441.1070270563594\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>m\u00e1nia augusztusban Oroszorsz\u00e1g mell\u00e9 \u00e1ll. Inf<span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"397.4682955374791\">orm\u00e1ci\u00f3i szerint err\u0151l besz\u00e9lni sem lehet,<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"41.43761631442907\"> Az <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"447.65588543408853\">orosz k\u00f6vetel\u00e9seket a korm\u00e1ny energikusan <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"117.39319248897675\">visszautasitotta.<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"325.90182222137753\"> Joneszku nyilatkozat\u00e1nak nincs<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"439.7182815873498\">t\u00e1rgyi alapja, csak lelkiismeretlen k\u00f6nnyelm\u0171 <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"437.61081237646346\">nyugtalanit\u00e1sa a rom\u00e1n n\u00e9pnek, mely nem akar <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"76.57270678120724\">h\u00e1bor\u00fat. <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"99.16517435760984\">Nyilatkozik<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"84.52581842025239\"> Bogdan<\/span> <span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"46.70231298464344\">Leon<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"105.1332885814201\">konzervativ <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"131.96137163600423\">p\u00e1rtvez\u00e9r is az<\/span><\/em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"163.61038991941612\"> Informatur-ban. \u2013<\/span><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"316.06511027064005\">\u00a0Rom\u00e1nia \u2013 \u00fagymond \u2013 ma<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"72.22376512847802\"> \u00e9ppen <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"448.5020542040444\">olyan messze \u00e1ll a h\u00e1bor\u00fat\u00f3l, mint k\u00e9t h\u00f3nappal <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"404.4861680097309\">ezel\u0151tt, b\u00e1r meglepet\u00e9sek nincsenek kiz\u00e1rva.<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"42.74862121788049\"> A <\/span><\/em><\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"359.14814311236125\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>helyzet ma k\u00e9ts\u00e9gtelen\u00fcl megnyugtat\u00f3.\u201d <\/em><strong>[5]<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K\u00e9t h\u00e9ttel k\u00e9s\u0151bb m\u00e1r teljesen m\u00e1s\u00a0hangv\u00e9tel\u0171 \u00edr\u00e1sok jelentek meg:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">\u201e<\/span><strong>A rom\u00e1n had\u00fczenet. <\/strong><\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><strong>Budapest, aug. 28.<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"388.8553126448324\">Rom\u00e1nia b\u00e9csi k\u00f6vete\u00a0[&#8230;]\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"442.964281631392\">tegnap este kilenc \u00f3ra t\u00e1jban megjelent a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"441.16031264483235\">k\u00f6z\u00f6s k\u00fcl\u00fcgyminiszt\u00e9riumban \u00e9s \u00e1tadta kor<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"440.6876040862042\">m\u00e1nya had\u00fczenet\u00e9t Magyarorsz\u00e1gnak \u00e9s Ausz<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"447.15401475359187\">tri\u00e1nak. [&#8230;]\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"437.5160124748957\">els\u0151 sorban minket t\u00e1mad meg a gonosz szom<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"441.8410937741387\">sz\u00e9d, a mi dr\u00e1ga Erd\u00e9ly\u00fcnkre feni fog\u00e1t, Szent<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"444.55209755909164\">Istv\u00e1n koron\u00e1j\u00e1nak sz\u00e9ps\u00e9ges \u00e9kk\u00f6v\u00e9t k\u00f6t\u00f6tte <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"444.2854414490963\">ki v\u00e9rdijul f\u00f6lbujt\u00f3it\u00f3l, az antant b\u00fcnszerz\u0151 <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"387.63313880735365\">sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g\u00e9t\u0151l. A h\u00e1bor\u00fa, a melybe annyi <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"46.1193862969257\">v\u00e9res <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"439.64724123281326\">h\u00e1bor\u00fa ut\u00e1n tegnap belesodortattunk, a sz\u00f3 leg<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"365.0380737293372\">igazabb \u00e9rtelme szerint a mi h\u00e1bor\u00fank.<br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"395.3156629460837\">Az ol\u00e1h \u00e1rul\u00e1s k\u00fcls\u0151s\u00e9gei jellemz\u0151k arra\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"446.9358415726865\">a n\u00e9pl\u00e9lekre, a melyben ez a cudar elhat\u00e1roz\u00e1s <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"442.7602493048046\">megfogant, hogy megtet\u00e9zze a vil\u00e1g szerencs\u00e9t<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"447.98024467016836\">lens\u00e9g\u00e9t \u00e9s nyomor\u00fas\u00e1g\u00e1t uj v\u00e9ront\u00e1ssal, hogy\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"439.6068387919049\">megnyujtsa a l\u00e1zban fetreng\u0151 Eur\u00f3pa hossz\u00fa ci<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"445.7439695658891\">v\u00f3d\u00e1s\u00e1t. [&#8230;]<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"445.35610613316857\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"153.02587534567522\">\u00a0A<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"141.83301517130124\">hitv\u00e1ny csal\u00e1s <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"46.070427216162244\">m\u00e9lt\u00f3<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"23.408275464741127\"> a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"6.798886599324012\">z<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"112.85693714472266\"> \u00e1rul\u00f3hoz, a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"29.219763558150255\"> ki<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"223.49961053925327\"> sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ges\u00fcnk volt \u00e9s<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"439.32784786449537\">ellens\u00e9g\u00fcnkk\u00e9 lett, \u00e9pp ugy, mint az olasz. A <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"25.839907512674756\">k\u00e9t<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"216.45904735750497\"> egytestv\u00e9r, az ol\u00e1h \u00e9s<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"27.63831878936856\"> az<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"181.11399784913195\"> olasz, az egyik a r<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"444.22707215009984\">\u00e9gi R\u00f3m\u00e1nak hazudott, a m\u00e1sik elkorcso<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"435.3714234137348\">sult ut\u00f3da egy napon tel\u00e9zte be az \u00e1rul\u00e1s m\u00fcv\u00e9t.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"445.5342953602703\">Ol\u00e1horsz\u00e1g nek\u00fcnk, Olaszorsz\u00e1g N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1g<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"36.0092080964818\">nak<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"64.9145711130742\">\u00a0\u00fczente<\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"445.35610613316857\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"148.85047543785527\"><em> meg a h\u00e1bor\u00fat.\u201d<\/em> <strong>[6]<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_225\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-225\" style=\"width: 1082px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-225\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/11_1.jpg\" alt=\"A Pesti Napl\u00f3 c\u00edmlapja a rom\u00e1n had\u00fczenet h\u00edr\u00e9vel. 1916. augusztus 29.\" width=\"1082\" height=\"804\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-225\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A <em>Pesti Napl\u00f3<\/em> c\u00edmlapja a rom\u00e1n had\u00fczenet h\u00edr\u00e9vel. 1916. augusztus 29.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A rom\u00e1noknak \u00edg\u00e9rt ter\u00fcletekr\u0151l\u00a0is besz\u00e1molt a sajt\u00f3:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>\u201e<strong>Mit \u00edg\u00e9rtek Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1nak?<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em><em>Az \u00e1nt\u00e1nt Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1nak h\u00e1bor\u00fas beavatkoz\u00e1sa jutalm\u00e1ul \u2013 a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 jutalmat ig\u00e9rte: Megkapja Besszar\u00e1bi\u00e1nak egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t, amely a Dnyesztert\u00f6l d\u00e9lre \u00e9s Kogolnickt\u00f3l nyugatra ter\u00fcl el. A hat\u00e1r Kisenev k\u00f6zvetlen k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben fog elh\u00faz\u00f3dni. Bukovin\u00e1n, a B\u00e1n\u00e1ton \u00e9s Erd\u00e9lyen kiv\u00fcl neki jut az egyik kis sziget is a Dardanell\u00e1k el\u0151tt \u00e9s joga lesz r\u00e1, hogy azon flott\u00e1ja sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra sz\u00e9n\u00e1llom\u00e1st rendezzen be. Biztositott\u00e1k tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 Rom\u00e1nia r\u00e9sz\u00e9t a feloszt\u00e1sra ker\u00fcl\u0151 Bulg\u00e1ri\u00e1b\u00f3l. Katonai t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sra Oroszorsz\u00e1g k\u00f6telezte mag\u00e1t a h\u00e1bor\u00fa folyam\u00e1n, biztos\u00edtva arr\u00f3l, hogy nagyobb sz\u00e1m\u00fa csapatokat fog rendelkez\u00e9s\u00e9re bocs\u00e1tani a bolg\u00e1r t\u00e1mad\u00e1s elh\u00e1rit\u00e1s\u00e1ra. P\u00e9nz\u00fcgyi t\u00e9res is messzemen\u0151 t\u00e1mogat\u00e1st helyeztek kil\u00e1t\u00e1sba.\u201d<\/em> <strong>[7]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>\u201e<strong>Rom\u00e1nia \u2013 nagyhatalom.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em><em>(Berlin, szeptember 14.) A \u201eBerliner Lokalanzeiger\u201d irja: Mint Bukarestb\u0151l jelentik, az \u00e1nt\u00e1nt azon k\u00f6vetel\u00e9s\u00e9t, hogy Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1t a h\u00e1boru ut\u00e1n nagyhatalomnak tekints\u00e9k \u00e9s ezt biztosits\u00e1k is sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, augusztus 8-\u00e1n Franciaorsz\u00e1g, Oroszorsz\u00e1g, Anglia \u00e9s It\u00e1lia bukaresti meghatalmazottjai elfogadt\u00e1k. Eszerint Rom\u00e1nia m\u00e1r a b\u00e9ket\u00e1rgyal\u00e1sokon is mint nagyhatalom vehet r\u00e9szt. Azt a szerz\u0151d\u00e9st, amely Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1t v\u00e9gleg az \u00e1nt\u00e1nthoz k\u00f6ti, augusztus 15-\u00e9n <\/em>[ebben p\u00e1r napot t\u00e9ved a N\u00e9pszava, a pontos d\u00e1tum aug. 17. \u2013 a szerz\u0151]<em> irta al\u00e1 Bratianu. A kir\u00e1lynak biztos tudom\u00e1sa volt err\u0151l a megegyez\u00e9sr\u0151l. Igy h\u00e1t nem felel meg a val\u00f3s\u00e1gnak az, hogy Bratianu a kir\u00e1ly h\u00e1ta m\u00f6g\u00f6tt dolgozott.\u201d<\/em> <strong>[8]\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A cikk t\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1ba\u00a0\u00e9rint\u0151legesen illeszkedik a\u00a0k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 titkos szerz\u0151d\u00e9s, az 1916\u00a0m\u00e1jus\u00e1ban megk\u00f6t\u00f6tt\u00a0<em><strong>Sykes\u2013Picot(\u2013Szazonov)-egyezm\u00e9ny<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>is.<em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Miut\u00e1n mind Franciaorsz\u00e1g, mind Nagy-Britannia tiszt\u00e1zta saj\u00e1t h\u00f3d\u00edt\u00f3 c\u00e9ljait az Oszm\u00e1n Birodalommal szemben, a k\u00e9t sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ges orsz\u00e1g a Sir Mark Sykes (aki egy\u00e9bk\u00e9nt 1919-ben spanyoln\u00e1th\u00e1ban hunyt el) brit, \u00e9s a Fran\u00e7ois Georges-Picot francia diplomat\u00e1k nev\u00e9vel f\u00e9mjelzett egyezm\u00e9nyben d\u00f6nt\u00f6tt a ter\u00fclet feloszt\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l. Az egyezm\u00e9ny titkos volt, \u00edgy egy ideig nem szereztek r\u00f3la tudom\u00e1st az arabokhoz deleg\u00e1lt brit tisztek sem, akik korm\u00e1nyuk k\u00e9t\u00e9rtelm\u0171 kommunik\u00e1ci\u00f3ja nyom\u00e1n nyugodt lelkiismerettel \u00edg\u00e9rt\u00e9k meg az araboknak az \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 \u00e1llamot a felkel\u00e9s sikere eset\u00e9n. A Sykes\u2013Picot egyezm\u00e9nyt form\u00e1lisan j\u00f3v\u00e1hagyatt\u00e1k az oroszokkal is (ez\u00e9rt olykor Sykes\u2013Picot\u2013Szazonov egyezm\u00e9nyk\u00e9nt eml\u00edtik), azonban a bolsevik hatalom\u00e1tv\u00e9telt k\u00f6vet\u0151en az \u00faj orosz vezet\u00e9s egyik els\u0151 tette a titkos c\u00e1ri meg\u00e1llapod\u00e1sok nyilv\u00e1noss\u00e1gra hozatala volt. Az egyezm\u00e9ny napvil\u00e1gra ker\u00fcl\u00e9se komoly vihart kavart, ugyanis a h\u00e1bor\u00faba \u00e9ppen bel\u00e9p\u0151 Egyes\u00fclt \u00c1llamok sem n\u00e9zte j\u00f3 szemmel: a n\u00e9pek \u00f6nrendelkez\u00e9s\u00e9\u00e9rt s\u00edkra sz\u00e1ll\u00f3 Wilson eln\u00f6k is felemelte szav\u00e1t a meg\u00e1llapod\u00e1s ellen. A\u00a0szerz\u0151d\u00e9s\u00a0\u00e9rtelm\u00e9ben\u00a0Franciaorsz\u00e1g\u00a0korm\u00e1nyozza majd Sz\u00edri\u00e1t Damaszkusszal,\u00a0Mezopot\u00e1mia\u00a0\u00e9szaki r\u00e9sz\u00e9t \u00e9s Moszult;\u00a0Nagy-Britannia pedig\u00a0Mezopot\u00e1mia d\u00e9li\u00a0r\u00e9sz\u00e9t Bagdaddal,\u00a0valamint\u00a0a nemzetk\u00f6zi\u00a0\u00f6vezett\u00e9\u00a0nyilv\u00e1n\u00edtott Palesztin\u00e1ban Haifa \u00e9s Jaffa kik\u00f6t\u0151t. Nagy-Britannia\u00a0v\u00e1llalta,\u00a0hogy az oszm\u00e1nokt\u00f3l\u00a0annekt\u00e1lt Ciprus k\u00e9rd\u00e9s\u00e9t csak a\u00a0Franciaorsz\u00e1ggal\u00a0val\u00f3 egyeztet\u00e9s ut\u00e1n rendezi. A fennmarad\u00f3\u00a0t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00a0ter\u00fcleteken egy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 arab \u00e1llamot vagy \u00e1llamok konf\u00f6der\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t\u00a0hozz\u00e1k\u00a0majd l\u00e9tre, amely(ek)\u00a0\u00e9szaki r\u00e9sz\u00e9n francia,\u00a0d\u00e9li\u00a0r\u00e9sz\u00e9n pedig\u00a0britbefoly\u00e1s fog \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes\u00fclni.\u00a0Oroszorsz\u00e1g azzal a felt\u00e9tellel j\u00e1rult hozz\u00e1 az egyezm\u00e9nyhez,\u00a0hogy\u00a0a Trabzon\u2013Erzurum\u2013Bitlis\u2013Van vonallal hat\u00e1rolt \u00f6rm\u00e9ny \u00e9s\u00a0az ett\u0151l d\u00e9lre fekv\u0151\u00a0kurd ter\u00fcleteket a c\u00e1ri birodalomhoz csatolj\u00e1k.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"62.20525391125931\">A Sykes-Picot szerz\u0151d\u00e9ssel\u00a0p\u00e1rhuzamosan kell megeml\u00edteni a\u00a0<strong><em>tengerszoros-egyezm\u00e9nyt<\/em><\/strong> is.\u00a0Az orosz Romanov-dinasztia uralkod\u00f3i m\u00e1r a 20.\u00a0sz\u00e1zad eleje \u00f3ta arra t\u00f6rekedtek, hogy a t\u00f6r\u00f6k uralom al\u00f3l felszabad\u00edtott ter\u00fcleteken Oroszorsz\u00e1ggal sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ges nemzet\u00e1llamokat alak\u00edtsanak ki, \u00e9s ezekre t\u00e1maszkodva Konstantin\u00e1polyt \u00e9s az Eur\u00f3p\u00e1t Kis-\u00c1zsi\u00e1t\u00f3l elv\u00e1laszt\u00f3 tengerszorosokat is uralmuk al\u00e1 hajts\u00e1k. A Fekete-tenger feletti ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s megszerz\u00e9s\u00e9nek sz\u00e1nd\u00e9k\u00e1n t\u00fal az orosz t\u00f6rekv\u00e9sek m\u00f6g\u00f6tt <span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"36.97867116532572\">a keleti<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"176.48695269919543\">\u00a0kereszt\u00e9nys\u00e9g<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"82.00739813132624\"> feletti<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"72.8713314300545\"> teljes<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"108.92349954580845\"> befoly\u00e1s<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"120.88998215676098\">kiterjeszt\u00e9se<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"37.23999253828186\">\u00a0is \u00e1llt.\u00a0<\/span>A vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa alatti m\u00e1sodik \u00e9v\u00e9ben, 1915. m\u00e1rcius 4-\u00e9n a c\u00e1ri korm\u00e1ny Szazonov orosz k\u00fcl\u00fcgyminiszter eml\u00e9keztet\u0151j\u00e9vel jelezte sz\u00f6vets\u00e9geseinek, hogy ig\u00e9nyt tart a M\u00e1rv\u00e1ny-tenger szorosaira, a Boszporuszra \u00e9s a Dardanell\u00e1kra. Ezt a l\u00e9p\u00e9st a Gallipoli-f\u00e9lszigetre tervezett brit\u2013francia partrasz\u00e1ll\u00e1s miatt tette, mivel az oroszok nem akart\u00e1k feladni a m\u00e1r \u00e9vsz\u00e1zadok \u00f3ta \u00e1h\u00edtott c\u00e9lokat. A britek \u00e9s a franci\u00e1k belementek az alkuba, \u00edg\u00e9retet tettek arra, hogy a tengerszorosokat, Konstantin\u00e1polyt, a M\u00e1rv\u00e1ny-tenger partjait \u00e9s szigeteit, Thr\u00e1kia d\u00e9lkeleti ter\u00fcleteit \u00e9s az Izmiti-\u00f6b\u00f6l k\u00f6rny\u00e9k\u00e9t a rendez\u00e9skor Oroszorsz\u00e1g fogja megkapni, \u00edgy 1915. m\u00e1rcius 12-\u00e9n Edward Grey brit k\u00fcl\u00fcgyminiszter jegyz\u00e9kben jelezte, hogy Nagy-Britannia elfogadhat\u00f3nak tartja az orosz ig\u00e9nyeket, \u00edgy ez a nap tekinhet\u0151 a tengerszoros-egyezm\u00e9ny d\u00e1tum\u00e1nak. Cser\u00e9be a britek Perzsi\u00e1ban, Iszfah\u00e1n t\u00e9rs\u00e9g\u00e9ben \u00e9s Mezopot\u00e1mi\u00e1ban, a franci\u00e1k pedig a K\u00f6zel-Keleten szerezhettek ter\u00fcleteket.\u00a0<span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"43.99022904230469\">E<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"145.8105385413963\"> tekintetben<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"27.662733908642615\"> ez a szerz\u0151d\u00e9s a\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"290.99662081494944\">Sykes-Picot-egyezm\u00e9ny<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"215.776790812354\"> el\u0151zm\u00e9ny\u00e9nek<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"92.75551226317155\"> tekint<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"56.289302491564996\">het\u0151.\u00a0<span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"34.677685569685956\"> A<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"78.12490916169219\">\u00a0k\u00e9s\u0151bbi szovjet-orosz<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"91.40139242148977\">\u00a0korm\u00e1ny\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"154.13209706722034\">1917. november 8-i <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"132.49332987282637\">b\u00e9kedekr\u00e9<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"94.04515020763041\">tum\u00e1val<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"24.475970672203477\"> a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"29.92978166363872\">\u00a0tengerszoros egyezm\u00e9nyt<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"47.39419445886321\"> (is)<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"143.5910037633013\"> semmisnek<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"99.30890929146118\"> mondta<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"40.2299162989878\"> ki,<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"22.202135349078635\">\u00a0\u00e9s<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"101.85085355567092\"> k\u00e9s\u0151bb <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"177.61708279262916\">nyilv\u00e1noss\u00e1gra<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"82.13636192577212\"> hozta.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_226\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-226\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-226\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/187391-004-f45d75c6.jpg\" alt=\"A Sykes-Picot egyezm\u00e9ny, 1916. Forr\u00e1s: Encyclopaedia Britannica\" width=\"500\" height=\"450\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-226\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Sykes-Picot egyezm\u00e9ny, 1916. Forr\u00e1s: Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A k\u00f6vetkez\u0151kben vizsg\u00e1ljuk meg a m\u00e1sik kor\u00e1bbi sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ges, vagyis Olaszorsz\u00e1g \u00e1rul\u00e1s\u00e1t<em>\u00a0<\/em>(ahogy a k\u00f6zv\u00e9lem\u00e9ny nevezte a korban) \u00e9s az antanttal k\u00f6t\u00f6tt szerz\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9t. Az Olasz Kir\u00e1lys\u00e1g 1882. m\u00e1jus 20-\u00e1n csatlakozott az Osztr\u00e1k\u2013Magyar Monarchia \u00e9s a N\u00e9met Cs\u00e1sz\u00e1rs\u00e1g kett\u0151s sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g\u00e9hez, \u00edgy megalakult a h\u00e1rmassz\u00f6vets\u00e9g. Az 1914 j\u00faniusi szarajev\u00f3i mer\u00e9nylet ut\u00e1n Luigi Cadorna olasz vez\u00e9rkari f\u0151n\u00f6k ugyan m\u00e9g megkezdte egy Franciaorsz\u00e1g elleni h\u00e1bor\u00fa hadm\u0171veleteinek kidolgoz\u00e1s\u00e1t, azonban augusztus 2-\u00e1n Olaszorsz\u00e1g v\u00e9g\u00fcl semlegess\u00e9gi nyilatkozatot tett, arra hivatkozva, hogy a Monarchia \u00e9s N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1g nem k\u00e9rte ki v\u00e9lem\u00e9ny\u00e9t a Szerbi\u00e1nak k\u00fcld\u00f6tt demarsr\u00f3l \u00e9s had\u00fczenetr\u0151l. A semlegess\u00e9g tov\u00e1bbi fenntart\u00e1s\u00e1nak fej\u00e9ben r\u00e1ad\u00e1sul ter\u00fcleti ig\u00e9nyt jelentett be D\u00e9l-Tirol egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9re. 1915 m\u00e1rcius\u00e1ban Ferenc J\u00f3zsef osztr\u00e1k cs\u00e1sz\u00e1r \u00e9s magar kir\u00e1ly ak\u00e1r Trentino t\u00e9rs\u00e9g\u00e9t is hajland\u00f3 lett volna fel\u00e1ldozni az\u00e9rt, hogy III. Viktor Em\u00e1nuel olasz kir\u00e1ly hadat \u00fczenjen az antanthatalmaknak, \u00e1m az olaszok v\u00e9g\u00fcl m\u00e1shogy d\u00f6nt\u00f6ttek. Ahogy m\u00e1r eml\u00edtett\u00fck, az antant k\u00f6nnyebben tett nagyvonal\u00fa \u00edg\u00e9reteket, hiszen nem saj\u00e1t ter\u00fcletei felett d\u00f6nt\u00f6tt, \u00e9s arr\u00f3l sem szabad megfeledkezni, hogy 1915 tavasz\u00e1n\/nyar\u00e1n a k\u00f6zponti hatalmak hadi helyzete nem volt a legr\u00f3zs\u00e1sabb, a Monarchi\u00e1nak t\u00f6bb offenz\u00edva ut\u00e1n sem siker\u00fclt t\u00e9rdre k\u00e9nyszer\u00edtenie Szerbi\u00e1t (erre csak 1915 v\u00e9g\u00e9n ker\u00fclt sor n\u00e9met seg\u00edts\u00e9ggel). 1915. \u00e1prilis 26-\u00e1n Olaszorsz\u00e1g \u00e9s az antant k\u00e9pvisel\u0151i al\u00e1\u00edrt\u00e1k a <em><strong>londoni szerz\u0151d\u00e9st<\/strong><\/em>, amely az olaszok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra a hatalmas ter\u00fcleti gyarapod\u00e1s mellett felt\u00e9telk\u00e9nt az egy h\u00f3napon bel\u00fcli t\u00e1mad\u00e1s megind\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t jel\u00f6lte ki.\u00a0Olaszorsz\u00e1gnak \u00edg\u00e9rt\u00e9k az al\u00e1bbi ter\u00fcleteket:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">\u201eAz antanthatalmak \u00e9s Olaszorsz\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tt Londonban l\u00e9trej\u00f6tt titkos egyezm\u00e9ny (1915. \u00e1prilis 26.) (r\u00e9szlet)<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>4. cikkely. A b\u00e9keszerz\u0151d\u00e9s \u00e9rtelm\u00e9ben Olaszorsz\u00e1g meg fogja kapni a Trentin\u00f3t, az Alpokon inneni Tirolt, f\u00f6ldrajzi \u00e9s term\u00e9szetes hat\u00e1r\u00e1val (a Brenner-hat\u00e1rral),\u00a0valamint\u00a0Triesztet, G\u00f6rz \u00e9s Gradisca gr\u00f3fs\u00e1got, eg\u00e9sz Isztri\u00e1t a Quarner\u00f3ig, bele\u00e9rtve Voloszk\u00e1t, Cherso \u00e9s Lussino isztriai szigeteket, tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 Plavnik, Unije, Kanidole, Palauzzola. San-Pietro-di-Nembi, Asinello, Gruizza szigetecsk\u00e9ket \u00e9s a szomsz\u00e9dos apr\u00f3 szigeteket [&#8230;]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>5. cikkely. Olaszorsz\u00e1g megkapja tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 Dalm\u00e1cia tartom\u00e1nyt, jelenlegi k\u00f6zigazgat\u00e1si hat\u00e1raival [&#8230;]. Megkapja ezen k\u00edv\u00fcl mindazokat a szigeteket, amelyek Dalm\u00e1ci\u00e1t\u00f3l \u00e9szakra \u00e9s nyugatra fekszenek. [&#8230;]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>9. cikkely. Franciaorsz\u00e1g, Nagy-Britannia \u00e9s Oroszorsz\u00e1g \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban elismeri, hogy Olaszorsz\u00e1gnak \u00e9rdeke az egyens\u00faly fenntart\u00e1sa a F\u00f6ldk\u00f6zi-tengeren, s hogy az \u00e1zsiai T\u00f6r\u00f6korsz\u00e1g teljes vagy r\u00e9szleges feloszt\u00e1sa eset\u00e9n Olaszorsz\u00e1gnak egyenl\u0151 \u00e9rt\u00e9k\u0171 r\u00e9szt kell kapnia az Adalia tartom\u00e1nnyal szomsz\u00e9dos f\u00f6ldk\u00f6zi-tengeri ter\u00fcleteken [&#8230;]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>10. cikkely. Olaszorsz\u00e1gra fogj\u00e1k ruh\u00e1zni L\u00edbi\u00e1ban azokat a jogokat \u00e9s kiv\u00e1lts\u00e1gokat, amelyek a lausanne-i szerz\u0151d\u00e9s \u00e9rrtelm\u00e9ben jelenleg a szult\u00e1nt illetik.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>14. cikkely. Anglia k\u00f6telezi mag\u00e1t, hogy megk\u00f6nny\u00edti egy legal\u00e1bb 50 milli\u00f3 font sterlinges k\u00f6lcs\u00f6nnek igazs\u00e1gos felt\u00e9telekkel t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 halad\u00e9ktalan megk\u00f6t\u00e9s\u00e9t. [&#8230;]\u201d <\/em><strong>[9]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Olaszorsz\u00e1g <a href=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/2017\/05\/23\/aki-igazan-nagyot-ut-es-eloszor-avagy-az-elsietett-haduzenet\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">1915. m\u00e1jus 23-\u00e1n l\u00e9pett be az els\u0151 az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00faba<\/span><\/a>, amit h\u00e1rom \u00e9s f\u00e9l\u00a0\u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb mintegy 650 ezer katon\u00e1j\u00e1nak \u00e9lete \u00e1r\u00e1n v\u00e9g\u00fcl a gy\u0151ztesek oldal\u00e1n fejezett be, \u00e1m a<span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">\u201e<\/span>v\u00e9gelsz\u00e1mol\u00e1sn\u00e1l\u201d nem tudta akarat\u00e1t \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes\u00edteni, err\u0151l a k\u00e9s\u0151bbiekben m\u00e9g sz\u00f3t ejt\u00fcnk.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_227\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-227\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-227\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/pkg_1915_vh_0014_screen.jpg\" alt=\"Pusztuljon \u00e1lnok It\u00e1lia! Forr\u00e1s: Orsz\u00e1gos Sz\u00e9chenyi K\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r, Plak\u00e1t- \u00e9s Kisnyomtatv\u00e1nyt\u00e1r, PKG.1915\/VH\/14\" width=\"1024\" height=\"763\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-227\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pusztuljon \u00e1lnok It\u00e1lia! Forr\u00e1s: Orsz\u00e1gos Sz\u00e9chenyi K\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r, Plak\u00e1t- \u00e9s Kisnyomtatv\u00e1nyt\u00e1r, PKG.1915\/VH\/14<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"46.52617400623539\">A kor\u00e1bbiakban m\u00e1r volt sz\u00f3 a B\u00e1ns\u00e1gr\u00f3l, amelyet 1916-ban az antanthatalmak Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1nak \u00edg\u00e9rtek a hadba l\u00e9p\u00e9s\u00e9rt. Az antant felel\u0151tlen \u00edg\u00e9rget\u00e9s\u00e9re jellemz\u0151, hogy <span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"22.904670693686672\">az eml\u00edtett ter\u00fcletet 1915. augusztus 18-\u00e1n egy <em><strong>titkos egyezm\u00e9nyben<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<\/span>m\u00e1r <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"142.76180241621202\">Szerbi\u00e1nak is felaj\u00e1nlotta. <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"22.904670693686672\">A meg\u00e1llapod\u00e1s\u00a0a B\u00e1ns\u00e1gon k\u00edv\u00fcl\u00a0<\/span>Szerbi\u00e1nak juttatta volna Bosznia-Hercegovin\u00e1t, Horv\u00e1torsz\u00e1got Fium\u00e9val, r\u00e9szben Dalm\u00e1ci\u00e1t, Szlov\u00e9nia nagy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t \u00e9s a B\u00e1csk\u00e1t. Az 1920-as trianoni b\u00e9keszerz\u0151d\u00e9s alapj\u00e1n a B\u00e1ns\u00e1got v\u00e9g\u00fcl Rom\u00e1nia kapta meg, azonban a ter\u00fcletet m\u00e9g 1918 november\u00e9ben\u2013december\u00e9ben szerb csapatok sz\u00e1llt\u00e1k meg. <span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"32.671871577574976\">A k\u00e9t elviekben\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"32.671871577574976\">sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ges sereg k\u00f6z\u00f6tti\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"185.71684713168187\">\u00f6ssze\u00fctk\u00f6z\u00e9s<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"172.04389732724903\"> elker\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9re<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"224.13408539765322\"> 1918. december 24-\u00e9n a francia\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"128.77804693611475\">Franchet<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"149.42386016949155\"> d&#8217;Esp\u00e8rey t\u00e1bornok, az antanthatalmak <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"109.97006910039114\">balk\u00e1ni <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"76.26846414602349\">f\u0151parancsnoka<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"109.01193970013038\">\u00a0utas\u00edt\u00e1st<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"71.04137385919167\"> adott<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"24.365810299869626\"> a szerb csapatoknak a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"97.06771447196873\"> B\u00e1ns\u00e1g\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"152.8574413298566\">ki\u00fcr\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re, \u00edgy\u00a0a konfliktust csak a franci\u00e1k k\u00f6zbel\u00e9p\u00e9se sim\u00edtotta el.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_228\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-228\" style=\"width: 638px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-228\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/antant_igeretek_es_teruleti_kovetelesek.png\" alt=\"A t\u00e9rk\u00e9pen j\u00f3l l\u00e1tszik, hogy a B\u00e1ns\u00e1g ter\u00fclet\u00e9re mind a szerb, mind a rom\u00e1nok ig\u00e9nyt tartottak. Forr\u00e1s: wikipedia\" width=\"638\" height=\"768\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-228\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A t\u00e9rk\u00e9pen j\u00f3l l\u00e1tszik, hogy a B\u00e1ns\u00e1g ter\u00fclet\u00e9re mind a szerb, mind a rom\u00e1nok ig\u00e9nyt tartottak. Forr\u00e1s: wikipedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"74.6994262827921\">A vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fat lez\u00e1r\u00f3 1918-as fegyversz\u00fcnetek ut\u00e1n az 1919-es p\u00e1rizsi b\u00e9kekonferencia l\u00e9trehozta Nagy-Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1t.<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"49.33619483456914\"> A szeptember 10-\u00e9n al\u00e1\u00edrt <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"70.7441675331117\">saint-<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"85.67284442700073\">germaini\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"56.49014785374582\">b\u00e9ke \u00e9rtelm\u00e9ben Rom\u00e1nia<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"88.68832507593963\">\u00a0megkapta<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"95.21288542214263\"> Bukovin\u00e1t,<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"20.983348189721287\"> a <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"103.65364469394011\">november 29-i\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"75.66506983584758\">neuilly-i<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"77.49289513270259\"> b\u00e9k\u00e9vel<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"109.97559233035022\">\u00a0Dobrudzsa <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"57.865327735106085\">eg\u00e9sz\u00e9t,<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"14.736841455893627\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"14.534228746100736\">az<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"102.16207027716693\">\u00a01920. j\u00fanius 4-i<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"72.50948465354125\"> trianoni <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"60.074668453592416\">b\u00e9keszerz\u0151d\u00e9ssel<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"58.25330951981588\">\u00a0pedig eg\u00e9sz Erd\u00e9lyt,<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"104.11491192687285\">\u00a0M\u00e1ramarost,<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"16.144353152646374\"> a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"79.93718037637427\"> Tisz\u00e1nt\u00fal <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"25.25545873024801\">egy<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"48.61411762413703\"> r\u00e9sz\u00e9t<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"22.164537178726654\"> \u00e9s <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"14.618291466121189\">a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"76.37636977448219\">\u00a0B\u00e1ns\u00e1g<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"3.5694324193300937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"5.604181334697006\">k\u00e9tharmad\u00e1t (a<span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"87.47520671388097\">\u00a0Tisz\u00e1nt\u00falon<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"25.02868491501415\"> az<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"66.81218711048155\"> 1916-os <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"87.23423855524074\">szerz\u0151d\u00e9sben<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"42.444282067988645\">\u00a0megtiltott<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"74.18618927762033\"> k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00e9ke<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"39.89340820113313\"> miatt<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"31.74755490084984\">\u00a0nem<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"45.97032395184132\"> kapta <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"26.421782082152955\">meg<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"19.32451678470254\"> az<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"60.264630424929145\"> oda\u00edg\u00e9rt <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"48.118329178470226\">hat\u00e1rt). Rom\u00e1nia a<\/span>nnak ellen\u00e9re j\u00f6tt ki felt\u0171n\u0151en j\u00f3l a vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fab\u00f3l, hogy a titkos bukaresti szerz\u0151d\u00e9sben foglaltak ellen\u00e9re k\u00e9nytelen volt 1918. m\u00e1jus 8-\u00e1n k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00e9k\u00e9t k\u00f6tnie a k\u00f6zponti hatalmakkal. <span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"48.118329178470226\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"41.71949502832859\">Hogy<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"60.80680878186964\"> ig\u00e9nyeit<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"77.74799987252119\"> egy\u00e1ltal\u00e1n <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"104.66301365439085\">\u00e9rv\u00e9nyes\u00edthesse,<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"100.49501753541068\"> 1918. november 9-\u00e9n<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"77.1248712747875\"> m\u00e1sodszor<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"17.441953045325768\"> is<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"34.021691898016975\"> had<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"14.217121359773364\">ba <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"45.443206104815836\">l\u00e9pett,<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"50.07054777620394\"> ez\u00fattal<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"30.055130099150126\"> m\u00e1r csak N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1g<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"40.972117223796005\">\u00a0ellen. Nem kellett sok\u00e1ig <span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"276.8918345392231\">\u201e<\/span>hadat viselnie\u201d, hisz k\u00e9t nappal k\u00e9s\u0151bb a nyugati hadsz\u00ednt\u00e9ren a franciaorsz\u00e1gi Compi\u00e8gne melletti erd\u0151ben egy vas\u00fati kocsiban al\u00e1\u00edrt\u00e1k a fegyversz\u00fcnetet.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_229\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-229\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-229\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/183.gif\" alt=\"Nagy-Rom\u00e1nia l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1sa az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa ut\u00e1n. Forr\u00e1s: P\u00e1ndi Lajos (szerk.): K\u00f6ztes-Eur\u00f3pa 1763\u20131993 (T\u00e9rk\u00e9pgy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny). Osiris-Sz\u00e1zadv\u00e9g, Bp., 1997.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"809\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-229\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nagy-Rom\u00e1nia l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1sa az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa ut\u00e1n. Forr\u00e1s: P\u00e1ndi Lajos (szerk.): K\u00f6ztes-Eur\u00f3pa 1763\u20131993 (T\u00e9rk\u00e9pgy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny). Osiris-Sz\u00e1zadv\u00e9g, Bp., 1997.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"91.69518390744051\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"91.35031120992072\">Ter\u00fcleti gyarapod\u00e1sa ellen\u00e9re Olaszorsz\u00e1g<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"36.39915776885706\"> \u2013 Rom\u00e1ni\u00e1val ellent\u00e9tben \u2013 nem<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"35.59948420148298\"> \u00e9rte<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"20.19445189414471\"> el<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"43.00778083508053\"> igazi<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"52.70948090718483\"> c\u00e9lj\u00e1t,<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"38.080412169266154\"> nem <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"34.98733516338531\">tudott<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"113.6096883804653\"> k\u00f6z\u00e9p-eur\u00f3pai<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"133.67481301304008\"> nagyhatalomm\u00e1<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"16.252125870621317\"> v\u00e1lni \u00e9s<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"61.36578561493222\"> balk\u00e1ni<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"66.00863430529274\"> behato<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"33.10777896190231\">l\u00e1s\u00e1t<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"18.65114657274354\"> is<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"55.393021584760916\"> elz\u00e1rta<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"22.21411262899513\"> az <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"88.19041511889539\">alakul\u00f3ban<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"39.46421386806442\"> l\u00e9v\u0151<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"180.95685984300684\"> Szerb\u2013Horv\u00e1t\u2013Szlov\u00e9n<\/span> Kir\u00e1lys\u00e1g.\u00a0<span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"78.38740869189463\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"116.29969542111988\">Az 1919. szeptember 10-i s<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"54.12776987573508\">aint-g<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"71.83698289337762\">ermaini<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"63.986818116082816\"> b\u00e9k\u00e9vel<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"22.94912256558424\">\u00a0Olaszorsz\u00e1g\u00a0<\/span>a\u00a0<span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"22.472767152134995\">volt Osztr\u00e1k\u2013Magyar Monarchia osztr\u00e1k<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"40.32639561186395\">\u00a0fel\u00e9<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"25.186484190744043\">t\u0151l megkapta<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"31.006210961390938\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"76.81608246381995\">D\u00e9l-Tirolt,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"25.317966906673476\">\u00a0az<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"152.63850046791094\"> Isztriai-f\u00e9lszigetet\u00a0\u00e9s\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"104.4102091741242\">Dalm\u00e1ci\u00e1b\u00f3l<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"60.0768239079519\"> Z\u00e1ra<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"64.93090712554331\"> v\u00e1ros\u00e1t.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"28.32267028381487\">Az<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"26.559508617744818\"> olasz<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"59.06376035898745\">\u00a0ter\u00fcleti<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"32.84912443876245\"> k\u00f6<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"67.28681874047555\">vetel\u00e9sek<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"55.14298887905904\">k\u00f6z\u00f6tt<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"73.29407004039884\"> szerepl\u0151 Fium\u00e9t\u00a0az antant <span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"22.21411262899513\">a\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"180.95685984300684\">Szerb\u2013Horv\u00e1t\u2013Szlov\u00e9n<\/span> Kir\u00e1lys\u00e1gnak \u00edt\u00e9lte, a\u00a0v\u00e1ros\u00a0k\u00e9s\u0151bb\u00a0v\u00e9res \u00f6sszecsap\u00e1sok helysz\u00edn\u00e9v\u00e9 v\u00e1lt.<\/span> Az olaszok csal\u00f3dottan hagyt\u00e1k ott P\u00e1rizst, \u00fagy \u00e9rezt\u00e9k, a gy\u0151ztesek nem v\u00e1ltott\u00e1k be a londoni szerz\u0151d\u00e9sben meghat\u00e1rozott \u00edg\u00e9reteket, ellenben Olaszorsz\u00e1g szinte kiv\u00e9rzett a h\u00e1bor\u00faban. \u00cdgy az olasz k\u00f6ztudatba a h\u00e1bor\u00fas gy\u0151zelem \u00e9s az azt k\u00f6vet\u0151 b\u00e9ke <em>vittoria mutilata<\/em>, azaz megcsonk\u00edtott\/csonka gy\u0151zelem n\u00e9ven vonult be a k\u00f6ztudatba.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"91.69518390744051\">Szerbia a vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa ut\u00e1n megszerezte a volt\u00a0<span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"121.74069061614723\">Osztr\u00e1k\u2013Magyar <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"110.75084827478747\">Monarchia <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"72.31699174079317\">ter\u00fclet\u00e9nek<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"35.10604861189799\"> 21,3<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"36.50968813597731\"> %-\u00e1t(!): megkapta Bosznia-Hercegovin\u00e1t; Ausztri\u00e1t\u00f3l a szlov\u00e9n ter\u00fcletet; Magyarorsz\u00e1gt\u00f3l a D\u00e9lvid\u00e9ket, <span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"17.191195555240785\">a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"97.80238661898011\">\u00a0Dr\u00e1vasz\u00f6ge<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"7.653751138810192\">t,<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"20.502625172804517\"> a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"62.36011212322943\"> Murak\u00f6zt,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"17.737139039660047\">a <\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"76.88540916713875\">Muravid\u00e9ket \u00e9s<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"16.345924436260614\">\u00a0a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"67.85983383144472\"> B\u00e1ns\u00e1g\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"30.639477883852667\">egyharmad\u00e1t;\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"33.91250320113312\">valamint <\/span>egyes\u00fclt Horv\u00e1torsz\u00e1ggal. 1918. december 1-\u00e9n szerb vezet\u00e9ssel megalakult a <span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"180.95685984300684\">Szerb\u2013Horv\u00e1t\u2013Szlov\u00e9n<\/span> Kir\u00e1lys\u00e1g, amely 1920. november 12-\u00e9n a szerb\u2013olasz <strong>rapall\u00f3i szerz\u0151d\u00e9ssel<\/strong> Z\u00e1r\u00e1t kiv\u00e9ve megkapta eg\u00e9sz\u00a0Dalm\u00e1ci\u00e1t (Cherso \u00e9s a k\u00e9t Lussin-sziget n\u00e9lk\u00fcl).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_230\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-230\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-230\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/174.gif\" alt=\"A nagyszerb \u00e1llam l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1sa az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa ut\u00e1n. Forr\u00e1s: P\u00e1ndi Lajos (szerk.): K\u00f6ztes-Eur\u00f3pa 1763\u20131993 (T\u00e9rk\u00e9pgy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny). Osiris-Sz\u00e1zadv\u00e9g, Bp., 1997.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"818\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-230\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nagyszerb \u00e1llam l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1sa az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa ut\u00e1n. Forr\u00e1s: P\u00e1ndi Lajos (szerk.): K\u00f6ztes-Eur\u00f3pa 1763\u20131993 (T\u00e9rk\u00e9pgy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny). Osiris-Sz\u00e1zadv\u00e9g, Bp., 1997.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"91.69518390744051\">Konkl\u00fazi\u00f3k\u00e9nt elmondhat\u00f3, hogy a<\/span><span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"91.69518390744051\">z els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa\u00a0igazi nyertese\u00a0a vil\u00e1g\u00e9g\u00e9s \u00e9vei sor\u00e1n vezet\u0151 hatalomm\u00e1 v\u00e1l\u00f3 Amerikai Egyes\u00fclt \u00c1llamok volt.<span class=\"selected\" data-canvas-width=\"106.66696988851952\">\u00a0<\/span>Az az Egyes\u00fclt \u00c1llamok, amellyel a h\u00e1bor\u00fat elkezd\u0151 antanthatalmak nem k\u00f6t\u00f6ttek titkos szerz\u0151d\u00e9st, \u00e9s nem aj\u00e1nlottak fel sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra semmilyen eur\u00f3pai ter\u00fcletet (b\u00e1r sz\u00fcks\u00e9ge sem lett volna r\u00e1). B\u00e1r \u00fagy t\u0171nt, hogy Nagy-Britannia \u00e9s Franciaorsz\u00e1g er\u0151s eur\u00f3pai nagyhatalomk\u00e9nt ker\u00fcltek ki a konfliktusb\u00f3l, hatalmi s\u00falyuk a felsz\u00edn alatt jelent\u0151sen meggyeng\u00fclt, Olaszorsz\u00e1g pedig kiv\u00e9rzett a h\u00e1bor\u00faban. Az Egyes\u00fclt \u00c1llamok a vil\u00e1g\u00e9g\u00e9s ut\u00e1n m\u00e1r nem v\u00e1llalta, hogy az \u00e1ltala kital\u00e1lt \u00faj vil\u00e1grendet fenn is tartsa, Nagy-Britannia, b\u00e1r megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lt visszat\u00e9rni a hatalmi egyens\u00falypolitik\u00e1hoz, m\u00e1r nem volt k\u00e9pes fenntartani hegem\u00f3n hatalm\u00e1t, a kor\u00e1bban (m\u00e9g ha csak id\u0151legesen is) k\u00f6z\u00e9p-eur\u00f3pai stabilit\u00e1st biztos\u00edt\u00f3 Osztr\u00e1k\u2013Magyar Monarchia ter\u00fclet\u00e9n l\u00e9trej\u00f6v\u0151 \u00faj \u00e1llamokban a francia befoly\u00e1s pedig t\u00f6r\u00e9keny alapokra \u00e9p\u00fclt.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_231\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-231\" style=\"width: 1920px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-231\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/william_orpen_the_signing_of_peace_in_the_hall_of_mirrors_versailles_1919_ausschnitt.jpg\" alt=\"A versailles-i kast\u00e9ly t\u00fck\u00f6rterme, 1919. j\u00fanius 28. Forr\u00e1s: Imperial War Museum, Art.IWM ART 2856\" width=\"1920\" height=\"686\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-231\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A versailles-i kast\u00e9ly t\u00fck\u00f6rterme, 1919. j\u00fanius 28. Forr\u00e1s: Imperial War Museum, Art.IWM ART 2856<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1918-ban a \u201er\u00e9gi\u201d vil\u00e1g v\u00e9g\u00e9rv\u00e9nyesen elt\u0171nt, az 1919\u20131920 sor\u00e1n megk\u00f6t\u00f6tt P\u00e1rizs k\u00f6rny\u00e9ki b\u00e9keszerz\u0151d\u00e9sek \u00faj vil\u00e1grendet alapoztak meg, \u00e1m a megk\u00e9rd\u0151jelezhet\u0151 d\u00f6nt\u00e9sek \u00e9s a vesztes \u00e1llamokra k\u00e9nyszer\u00edtett egyezm\u00e9nyek miatt a t\u00f6r\u00e9keny fundamentumon \u00e1ll\u00f3 b\u00e9ke nem bizonyult tart\u00f3snak. A k\u00e9t vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa k\u00f6z\u00f6tti id\u0151szak \u00edgy nem a b\u00e9k\u00e9s fejl\u0151d\u00e9st, hanem egyr\u00e9szt (de nem csak) a vesztes \u00e1llamokban a radikaliz\u00e1l\u00f3d\u00e1st \u00e9s a k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9gek al\u00f3l val\u00f3 folytonos kib\u00fav\u00f3 keres\u00e9s\u00e9t, m\u00e1sfel\u0151l pedig a gy\u0151ztes oldalon a b\u00e9keszerz\u0151d\u00e9sek betartat\u00e1s\u00e1nak neh\u00e9zs\u00e9geit, valamint az 1930-as \u00e9vek m\u00e1sodik fel\u00e9ben az <em>egyezked\u0151 megb\u00e9k\u00e9l\u00e9s<\/em>\u00a0politik\u00e1j\u00e1nak er\u0151ltet\u00e9s\u00e9t jelentette. T\u00f6bb mint sz\u00e1z \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb vil\u00e1gosan l\u00e1tszik, hogy az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa \u2013 amelynek \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g\u00e9t tov\u00e1bbi epiz\u00f3dok, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a harmincas \u00e9vek gazdas\u00e1gi vil\u00e1gv\u00e1ls\u00e1ga eg\u00e9sz\u00edtette ki \u2013 \u00e9s az 1919\u20131920-ban P\u00e1rizsban meghozott d\u00f6nt\u00e9sek magukban hordozt\u00e1k egy m\u00e1sodik vil\u00e1g\u00e9g\u00e9s, s\u0151t, az\u00e1ltal pedig az 1947 \u00e9s 1989 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt hidegh\u00e1bor\u00fa \u00e9s k\u00e9tp\u00f3lus\u00fa vil\u00e1grend magvait is, \u00edgy a nagy h\u00e1bor\u00fa v\u00e9lem\u00e9nyem szerint is val\u00f3ban a 20. sz\u00e1zad \u0151skatasztr\u00f3f\u00e1jak\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezhet\u0151.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class='code-block code-block-3' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- baszad\u00e9k -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7992097991\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Jegyzetek<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>[1]<\/strong>\u00a01914. okt\u00f3ber 13-\u00e1n k\u00f6zli T\u00e9ophile Delcass\u00e9 francia k\u00fcl\u00fcgyminiszter Alekszandr Izvolszkij p\u00e1rizsi orosz k\u00f6vettel.\u00a0K\u00f6zli:\u00a0<em>Hajdu \u00a0\u2013 Pollmann <\/em>41. o.<\/p>\n<p><strong>[2]<\/strong> <em>Szab\u00f3<\/em> 29\u201330. o.<\/p>\n<p><b>[3]<\/b>\u00a0<em>Hajdu \u2013 Pollmann<\/em>\u00a041. o.<\/p>\n<p><strong>[4]<\/strong> <em>Szab\u00f3<\/em> 91\u201392. o.<\/p>\n<p><strong>[5]<\/strong> <em>Budapesti Hirlap<\/em>\u00a07\u20138. o.<\/p>\n<p><strong>[6]<\/strong>\u00a0<em>Budapesti Hirlap\u00a0<\/em>1\u20132. o.<\/p>\n<p><strong>[7] <\/strong><em>Pesti Hirlap.\u00a0<\/em>6. o.<\/p>\n<p><strong>[8]\u00a0<\/strong><em>N\u00e9pszava. <\/em>3. o.<\/p>\n<p><strong>[9]<\/strong> <em>Szab\u00f3<\/em> 82\u201384. o.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Forr\u00e1sok:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Budapesti Hirlap.<\/em>\u00a0XXXVI. \u00e9vf. 224. sz. 1916. augusztus 13., 29.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>N\u00e9pszava.<\/em> XLIV. \u00e9vf. 256. sz. 1916. szeptember 15.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Pesti\u00a0Hirlap.<\/em> XXXVIII. \u00e9vf. 245. sz. 1916. szeptember 3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Pesti Napl\u00f3.<\/em> 67. \u00e9vf. 240. sz. 1916. augusztus 28.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Felhaszn\u00e1lt irodalom:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gal\u00e1ntai J\u00f3zsef: <em>Az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa.<\/em> Korona, Bp., 2000.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hajdu Tibor\u00a0\u2013 Pollmann Ferenc:\u00a0<em>A r\u00e9gi Magyarorsz\u00e1g utols\u00f3 h\u00e1bor\u00faja 1914\u20131918.<\/em> Osiris, Bp., 2014.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jeszenszky G\u00e9za:\u00a0<em>Az elveszett preszt\u00edzs.<\/em> Magyar Szemle K\u00f6nyvek, Bp., 1994.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Julier Ferenc: <em>1914\u20131918: A vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa magyar szemmel.<\/em> Magyar Szemle T\u00e1rsas\u00e1g, Bp., 1933.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ormos M\u00e1ria:\u00a0<em>Padov\u00e1t\u00f3l Trianonig 1918\u20131920.<\/em> Kossuth, Bp., 1983.<\/p>\n<p>Szab\u00f3 D\u00e1niel (szerk.): <em>Az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa.\u00a0<\/em>Osiris, Bp., 2009.<\/p>\n<p>Sz\u00e9kely G\u00e1bor: <em>Hitler \u2013 Szt\u00e1lin \u2013 Chamberlain. Az elker\u00fclhetetlen II. vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa.<\/em> Magyar Lajos Alap\u00edtv\u00e1ny, Bp., 2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Szijj Jol\u00e1n (szerk.): <em>Magyarorsz\u00e1g az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00faban. Lexikon A\u2013Zs.<\/em>Petit Real, Bp., 2000.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Szegedy-Kloska Tam\u00e1s Rom\u00e1nia az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00faban 1916. augusztus 17-\u00e9n csatlakozott az antanthoz, t\u00edz nappal k\u00e9s\u0151bb, augusztus 27-\u00e9n pedig elrendelt\u00e9k a rom\u00e1n hadsereg mozg\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9s m\u00e9g aznap meg\u00e9rkezett a had\u00fczenet is a k\u00f6zponti hatalmak fel\u00e9. B\u00e1r a vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa kit\u00f6r\u00e9sekor Rom\u00e1nia m\u00e9g a h\u00e1rmas sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g tagja volt, 1916-ig azonban semleges \u00e1llamk\u00e9nt kimaradt a konfliktusb\u00f3l. Milyen \u00edg\u00e9retekkel r\u00e1ntotta be az antant a h\u00e1bor\u00faba az orsz\u00e1got, \u00e9s milyen tov\u00e1bbi szerz\u0151d\u00e9seket k\u00f6t\u00f6tt a vil\u00e1g\u00e9g\u00e9s sor\u00e1n? Mit tartott be ezekb\u0151l az 1919\u20131920-as p\u00e1rizsi b\u00e9kekonferencia idej\u00e9n? A cikk t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt ezekre a k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekre v\u00e1laszol.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":231,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[38,32,42,35],"class_list":["post-220","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-i-vilaghaboru","tag-diplomacia","tag-i-vilaghaboru","tag-osztrak-magyar-monarchia","tag-romania"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/220","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=220"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/220\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16886,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/220\/revisions\/16886"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=220"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=220"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=220"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}