{"id":15211,"date":"2021-09-03T06:44:03","date_gmt":"2021-09-03T06:44:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/?p=15211"},"modified":"2021-09-03T06:58:54","modified_gmt":"2021-09-03T06:58:54","slug":"biblia-es-tortenelem-daniel-konyve-5-fejezet-a-tortenelem-tukreben","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/2021\/09\/03\/biblia-es-tortenelem-daniel-konyve-5-fejezet-a-tortenelem-tukreben\/","title":{"rendered":"Biblia \u00e9s t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem; D\u00e1niel k\u00f6nyve 5. fejezet a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem t\u00fckr\u00e9ben"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"center\"><em><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">T\u00f3th Gergely L\u00e1szl\u00f3<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A t\u00f6rt\u00e9net szerint B\u00e9lsaccar kir\u00e1ly nagy lakom\u00e1t rendezett, \u00e9s boroz\u00e1s k\u00f6zben megparancsolta, hozz\u00e1k el\u0151 azokat az arany \u00e9s ez\u00fcst ed\u00e9nyeket, amiket az \u0151 atyja, Nabukodonozor vitetett el a jeruzs\u00e1lemi templomb\u00f3l. Ezut\u00e1n a vend\u00e9gekkel ezekb\u0151l az ed\u00e9nyekb\u0151l ittak, mik\u00f6zben isteneiket dics\u00e9rt\u00e9k. Egyszerre egy emberi k\u00e9z jelent meg, \u00e9s a palota fal\u00e1ra \u00edrt, ezut\u00e1n elt\u0171nt. A kir\u00e1ly megrettent, s mag\u00e1hoz rendelte a var\u00e1zsl\u00f3kat, a csillagj\u00f3sokat \u00e9s j\u00f6vend\u00f6l\u0151ket, kihirdetve, aki el tudja olvasni a falra \u00edrt sz\u00f6veget, b\u00edborba \u00f6lt\u00f6zteti, aranyl\u00e1ncot kap, s harmadik lesz az orsz\u00e1gban. A b\u00f6lcsek mind tan\u00e1cstalanok voltak, ez\u00e9rt az anyakir\u00e1lyn\u0151 azt javasolta, h\u00edvass\u00e1k a nagytud\u00e1s\u00fa D\u00e1nielt, majd \u0151 megfejti az \u00edr\u00e1st. D\u00e1nielt a kir\u00e1ly el\u00e9 vezett\u00e9k &#8211; akit m\u00e9g Nabukodonozor kir\u00e1ly hozott ide a t\u00f6bbi zsid\u00f3 fogollyal J\u00fade\u00e1b\u00f3l -, \u00e9s \u0151 visszautas\u00edtva a kit\u00fcntet\u00e9seket meg\u00edg\u00e9rte, megfejti a sz\u00f6veget.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><div class='code-block code-block-1' style='text-align: center; margin: 13px auto;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- oldalhirdet\u00e9s -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"5518896799\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><!--more--><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B\u00e9lsaccar atyja nagyhatalm\u00fa kir\u00e1ly volt, de g\u0151g\u00f6ss\u00e9 v\u00e1lt, nem tisztelte Istent, akit\u0151l a hatalmat kapta, ez\u00e9rt el\u0171zt\u00e9k \u0151t, \u00e9s elvesztve \u00e9rtelm\u00e9t szamarak m\u00f3dj\u00e1ra az \u00e9g alatt f\u00fcvet legelt, m\u00edg meg nem huny\u00e1szkodott. B\u00e9lsaccar Isten h\u00e1z\u00e1nak ed\u00e9nyeib\u0151l ivott, mik\u00f6zben pog\u00e1ny isteneit dics\u0151\u00edtette, ez\u00e9rt Isten k\u00fcldte a kezet. Az \u00edr\u00e1s pedig a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151: men\u00e9 men\u00e9 tek\u00e9l \u00fa-parszin. A men\u00e9 azt jelenti, hogy sz\u00e1mba vette Isten a kir\u00e1lys\u00e1got, \u00e9s v\u00e9get vet annak. A tek\u00e9l azt jelenti, hogy megm\u00e9rt t\u00e9ged m\u00e9rlegen, \u00e9s k\u00f6nny\u0171nek tal\u00e1lt. A per\u00e9sz azt jelenti, hogy felosztotta kir\u00e1lys\u00e1godat, \u00e9s a m\u00e9deknek meg a perzs\u00e1knak adta. Akkor B\u00e9lsaccar parancs\u00e1ra D\u00e1nielt b\u00edborba \u00f6lt\u00f6ztett\u00e9k, nyak\u00e1ra aranyl\u00e1ncot tettek, \u00e9s kihirdett\u00e9k, hogy rang szerint \u0151 a harmadik az orsz\u00e1gban. M\u00e9g azon az \u00e9jszak\u00e1n meg\u00f6lt\u00e9k B\u00e9lsaccart, a k\u00e1ldeusok kir\u00e1ly\u00e1t. A m\u00e9d D\u00e1rius pedig elfoglalta az orsz\u00e1got hatvank\u00e9t esztend\u0151s kor\u00e1ban.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ak\u00e1r vall\u00e1sosak vagyunk, ak\u00e1r nem, \u00e9rdemes forgatni a Bibli\u00e1t a benne l\u00e9v\u0151 p\u00e9ldabesz\u00e9dek, tanuls\u00e1gos t\u00f6rt\u00e9netek miatt, de a tan\u00edt\u00e1son k\u00edv\u00fcl rendk\u00edv\u00fcl fontos t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi forr\u00e1s is. A k\u00f6vetkez\u0151kben felv\u00e1zolom a K\u00f6zel-Kelet Kr.e. VI. sz\u00e1zadi k\u00e9p\u00e9t, a politikai \u00e9s hatalmi viszonyokat, valamint bemutatom, mi az, ami a fenti t\u00f6rt\u00e9netben t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi szempontb\u00f3l bizony\u00edthat\u00f3.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f1\/Daniellion.jpg\" alt=\"File:Daniellion.jpg\" width=\"600\" height=\"396\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">D\u00e1niel az oroszl\u00e1nok barlangj\u00e1ban, 1892-es festm\u00e9ny (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Daniellion.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">D\u00e1niel k\u00f6nyv\u00e9nek keletkez\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l m\u00e1ig vitatkoznak a szakemberek. Ami val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171, hogy nem Babilonban \u00edr\u00f3dott \u00e9s tal\u00e1n nem is a Kr.e. VI. sz\u00e1zadban, hanem a Makkabeus-kori Palesztin\u00e1ban (Kr.e. II. sz\u00e1zad).<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote2sym\" name=\"sdfootnote2anc\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> Tov\u00e1bbi bizony\u00edt\u00e9k, hogy D\u00e1niel k\u00f6nyv\u00e9t illet\u0151en csup\u00e1n a Makkabeus-kor ut\u00e1n fordulnak el\u0151 a legkor\u00e1bbi utal\u00e1sok. Emellett a nyelvi saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gok is erre engednek k\u00f6vetkeztetni, mivel a sz\u00f6vegben tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 g\u00f6r\u00f6g eredet\u0171 szavak Nagy S\u00e1ndor h\u00f3d\u00edt\u00e1sai ut\u00e1n ker\u00fclhettek a k\u00f6nyvbe (Kr.e. IV. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9ge). R\u00e1ad\u00e1sul a k\u00f6nyv k\u00f6z\u00e9ps\u0151 r\u00e9sze nem h\u00e9ber, hanem teljes eg\u00e9sz\u00e9ben ar\u00e1mi nyelven \u00edr\u00f3dott, ami a Kr.e. II. sz\u00e1zadi ar\u00e1mihoz hasonlatos.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\" name=\"sdfootnote3anc\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> Ellenben m\u00e1sok kor\u00e1bbi id\u0151pontra dat\u00e1lj\u00e1k, mivel a k\u00f6nyv tartalma semmik\u00e9pp sem \u00e1ll\u00edthat\u00f3 p\u00e1rhuzamba a Makkabeus-kori \u2013 cseppet sem nyugodt \u2013 t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9sekkel, amikor p\u00e9ld\u00e1kra volt sz\u00fcks\u00e9g. E t\u00e1bor k\u00e9pvisel\u0151i \u00fagy v\u00e9lik, a m\u00e1r l\u00e9tez\u0151 k\u00f6nyvet \u00faj form\u00e1ban adt\u00e1k ki, \u00faj recenzi\u00f3ban jelentett\u00e9k meg.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote4sym\" name=\"sdfootnote4anc\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a> Emellett fontos t\u00e9ny, hogy D\u00e1niel k\u00f6nyve szerepel a Septuagint\u00e1ban, ami Kr.e. 250 k\u00f6r\u00fcli, vagyis a Makkabeus-kor el\u0151tt keletkezett.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote5sym\" name=\"sdfootnote5anc\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> Iosephus Flavius (Kr.u. I. sz\u00e1zad) pedig elmes\u00e9l egy t\u00f6rt\u00e9netet, mely szerint Nagy S\u00e1ndor az\u00e9rt nem rombolta le Jeruzs\u00e1lemet, s\u0151t, kiv\u00e1lts\u00e1gokat adott, mert megmutatt\u00e1k neki D\u00e1niel k\u00f6nyv\u00e9nek 8. fejezet\u00e9t, miszerint G\u00f6r\u00f6gorsz\u00e1g l\u00e9p Perzsia hely\u00e9re.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote6sym\" name=\"sdfootnote6anc\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">T\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00fcnk helysz\u00edne a Tigris \u00e9s Eufr\u00e1tesz foly\u00f3k \u00e1ltal k\u00f6rbe\u00f6lelt ter\u00fclet, melyet ma Mezopot\u00e1mi\u00e1nak, azaz Foly\u00f3k\u00f6znek neveznek a g\u00f6r\u00f6g meszosz-k\u00f6z\u00e9p, \u00e9s potamosz-foly\u00f3 szavakb\u00f3l, ami l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9ben a mai Irak ter\u00fclete. Ez nem egy orsz\u00e1g elnevez\u00e9se, hanem f\u00f6ldrajzi fogalom, ahol a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem sor\u00e1n rengeteg n\u00e9p megfordult: sum\u00e9rok, akk\u00e1dok, hurrit\u00e1k, hettit\u00e1k, amorit\u00e1k, kassuk, gutik, el\u00e1mi\u00e1k stb. A Kr.e. X. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9g\u00e9n azonban minden megv\u00e1ltozott.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 577px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fa\/Meso2mil-English.JPG\" alt=\"File:Meso2mil-English.JPG\" width=\"577\" height=\"599\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mezopot\u00e1mia n\u00e9h\u00e1ny jelent\u0151s \u00f3kori v\u00e1rosa mai t\u00e9rk\u00e9pen (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Meso2mil-English.JPG\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><u>Az \u00dajassz\u00edr Birodalom t\u00fcnd\u00f6kl\u00e9se<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Assz\u00edria ism\u00e9t meger\u0151s\u00f6d\u00f6tt, h\u00e1la II. A\u0161\u0161ur-d\u0101n kir\u00e1ly (Kr.e. 934-912) gazdas\u00e1gi reformjainak: csatorn\u00e1kat \u00e1satott, megsokszorozta a gabonatermeszt\u00e9st \u00e9s a juh\u00e1llom\u00e1nyt. A gazdas\u00e1g meger\u0151s\u00f6d\u00e9se mag\u00e1val hozta a katonai sikereket a Kr.e. IX. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l. II. A\u0161\u0161ur-n\u0101\u1e63ir-apli<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(Kr.e. 884-859) hadseregreformot hajtott v\u00e9gre, megn\u00f6velve a harci szek\u00e9r fegyvernem erej\u00e9t kb. t\u00edzszeres\u00e9re (a harci szek\u00e9r szem\u00e9lyzete h\u00e1rom f\u0151b\u0151l \u00e1llt: harcos, hajt\u00f3, pajzstart\u00f3), illetve megszervezte az assz\u00edr lovass\u00e1got, az ostromokhoz m\u0171szaki egys\u00e9geket hozott l\u00e9tre, a d\u00f6nt\u0151 j\u00f6vedelmi forr\u00e1s pedig a zs\u00e1km\u00e1ny lett.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote7sym\" name=\"sdfootnote7anc\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a> Hadj\u00e1ratai rendk\u00edv\u00fcl kegyetlenek voltak, melyekr\u0151l \u0151 maga sz\u00e1mol be felirat\u00e1ban: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: #800000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u201e\u2026tornyot emeltettem, minden el\u0151kel\u0151t, aki ellenem l\u00e1zadt, megny\u00faztam, a tornyot b\u0151reikkel bebor\u00edtottam\u2026 n\u00e9h\u00e1nyat a torony tetej\u00e9n kar\u00f3ba h\u00faztam, m\u00e1sokat a torony k\u00f6r\u00fcl kar\u00f3ra f\u00fcggesztettem\u2026\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote8sym\" name=\"sdfootnote8anc\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A\u0161\u0161ur-n\u0101\u1e63ir-apli<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> fia \u00e9s ut\u00f3da, III. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0160ulm\u0101nu-a\u0161ar\u0113du<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Kr.e. 859-824) m\u00e1r er\u0151s t\u00f6rzssz\u00f6vets\u00e9gekkel tal\u00e1lta szemben mag\u00e1t (pl.: perzs\u00e1k), de sikerrel harcolt ellen\u00fck. A katon\u00e1k a lakoss\u00e1got \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban k\u00edm\u00e9lt\u00e9k, mivel sz\u00fcks\u00e9g volt a munkaer\u0151re, \u00e9s esetenk\u00e9nt ezr\u00e9vel telep\u00edtett\u00e9k \u00e1t az embereket.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote9sym\" name=\"sdfootnote9anc\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0160ulm\u0101nu-a\u0161ar\u0113du<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> m\u00e1r a helyi zavarg\u00e1sokban lelte hal\u00e1l\u00e1t, amit fi\u00e1nak, V. Semsi-adadnak (Kr.e.823-810) kellett megf\u00e9kezni. (Az \u0151 feles\u00e9ge volt a h\u00edres, babiloni sz\u00e1rmaz\u00e1s\u00fa Sammu-rammat=Szemiramisz, akinek f\u00fcgg\u0151kertje az \u00f3kor egyik csod\u00e1ja.)<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote10sym\" name=\"sdfootnote10anc\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a> A Kr.e. VIII. sz\u00e1zadra Assz\u00edria fejl\u0151d\u00e9se megakadt, \u00edgy ism\u00e9t el\u0151t\u00e9rbe ker\u00fcltek a zs\u00e1km\u00e1nyszerz\u0151 hadj\u00e1ratok III. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Tukult\u012b-apil-E\u0161arra<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Kr.e. 745-727) idej\u00e9n, aki stabiliz\u00e1lta az orsz\u00e1got. Reformjai a k\u00f6zigazgat\u00e1s \u00e9s gazdas\u00e1g mellett a hadseregre is kiterjedtek. Kir\u00e1lyi g\u00e1rd\u00e1t szervezett (kiszir sarr\u00fati), hatk\u00fcll\u0151j\u0171 helyett nyolck\u00fcll\u0151j\u0171ek lettek a harci szekerek, nagym\u00e9ret\u0171 v\u00e9d\u0151pajzsot kaptak az \u00edj\u00e1szok. Ezek hat\u00e1s\u00e1ra Assz\u00edria ter\u00fclete jelent\u0151sen megn\u0151tt: \u00e9szakon megh\u00f3d\u00edtott\u00e1k Damaszkuszt, keleten Babilont, d\u00e9len Egyiptomig t\u00f6rtek el\u0151re.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote11sym\" name=\"sdfootnote11anc\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a> Csak a m\u00e9diai hadj\u00e1ratb\u00f3l 65.000 hadifoglyot hurcolt mag\u00e1val.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote12sym\" name=\"sdfootnote12anc\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a> II. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0160arruk\u012bn<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Kr.e. 722-705) hadvez\u00e9rb\u0151l lett uralkod\u00f3, \u00e9s tov\u00e1bb tolta ki a birodalom hat\u00e1rait. Nyugaton elfoglalta G\u00e1za k\u00f6rny\u00e9k\u00e9t, Izr\u00e1elt, a f\u00f6n\u00edciai Tyrost, \u00e9szakon legy\u0151zte a phr\u00fcgeket (Mira = Midasz kir\u00e1lyt), d\u00e9len beh\u00f3doltatta a k\u00e1ldokat.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote13sym\" name=\"sdfootnote13anc\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a> Uralkod\u00e1sa kezdet\u00e9n, Kr.e. 722-ben egy k\u00e1ld sejk, II. Marduk-apla-iddina szerezte meg Babilon tr\u00f3nj\u00e1t, akit az assz\u00edrok is elismertek. \u0150 volt az els\u0151 babiloni kir\u00e1ly, aki n\u00e9v szerint szerepel a Bibi\u00e1ban: Merodach-Baladan.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote14sym\" name=\"sdfootnote14anc\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0160arruk\u012bn<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> fia, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">S\u00een-ahh\u0113-er\u012bba<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Kr.e. 704-681) g\u00e1takat, v\u00edzvezet\u00e9keket \u00e9p\u00edttetett<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote15sym\" name=\"sdfootnote15anc\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a>, 80 km hosszan, v\u00edzvezet\u00e9ken \u00e1t vezette a vizet a hegyeken \u00e1t Niniv\u00e9be. 300 m\u00e9ter magasan \u00edvelt \u00e1t a v\u00f6lgykatlan f\u00f6l\u00f6tt, \u00e9s k\u00e9tmilli\u00f3 k\u0151t\u00f6mb\u00f6t haszn\u00e1ltak fel a meg\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9hez.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote16sym\" name=\"sdfootnote16anc\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a> Fejlesztette az \u00fath\u00e1l\u00f3zatot \u00e9s \u00faj n\u00f6v\u00e9nyeket pr\u00f3b\u00e1lt meghonos\u00edtani, emellett brut\u00e1liss\u00e1 tette a katonai terrort, hogy elej\u00e9t vegye a l\u00e1zad\u00e1soknak. Kr.e. 689-ben Babilon k\u00e1ld sejkje l\u00e1zadt fel Elam \u00e9s J\u00fada sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g\u00e9ben b\u00edzva, azonban az assz\u00edrok a l\u00e1zad\u00e1st levert\u00e9k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote17sym\" name=\"sdfootnote17anc\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">S\u00een-ahh\u0113-er\u012bba<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Niniv\u00e9be \u00e1csokat hozatott, haj\u00f3hadat \u00e9p\u00edtett, a Tigrisen lehaj\u00f3ztak, majd g\u00f6rg\u0151k\u00f6n 40-50 km-en kereszt\u00fcl vitt\u00e9k a haj\u00f3kat az Eufr\u00e1teszhez, \u00e9s tett\u00e9k \u00fajra v\u00edzre, \u00edgy a tenger fel\u0151l t\u00e1madva siker\u00fclt El\u00e1mot \u2013 egy id\u0151re \u2013 legy\u0151zni, azonban ek\u00f6zben egy el\u00e1mi csapat elfogta a kir\u00e1ly fi\u00e1t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote18sym\" name=\"sdfootnote18anc\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 845px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1a\/The_historical_city_of_Babylon.jpg\/798px-The_historical_city_of_Babylon.jpg\" alt=\"File:The historical city of Babylon.jpg\" width=\"845\" height=\"181\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Babilon romjai (a mai Irak ter\u00fclet\u00e9n) egy 2005-\u00f6s felv\u00e9telen (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_historical_city_of_Babylon.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Babilont az assz\u00edr csapatok kilenc h\u00f3nap ostrom ut\u00e1n elfoglalt\u00e1k, de <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">S\u00een-ahh\u0113-er\u012bba<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> felhagyott az eddigi gyakorlattal, \u00e9s nem k\u00edm\u00e9lte meg a v\u00e1rost. A katon\u00e1knak szabad rabl\u00e1st enged\u00e9lyezett, Babilont szisztematikusan lerombolt\u00e1k, fel\u00e9gett\u00e9k, a t\u00f6rmel\u00e9ket az Eufr\u00e1teszbe dobt\u00e1k, majd a foly\u00f3 viz\u00e9vel el\u00e1rasztott\u00e1k a v\u00e1ros romjait.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote19sym\" name=\"sdfootnote19anc\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a> Az assz\u00edr gyakorlat am\u00fagy is az elrettent\u00e9s volt: a foglyul ejtett ellens\u00e9ges uralkod\u00f3kat befogt\u00e1k a gy\u0151ztes kir\u00e1ly szeker\u00e9be, melyet h\u00fazniuk kellett a diadalmenetben. N\u00e9ha nyakukba egy katon\u00e1juk lev\u00e1gott fej\u00e9t akasztott\u00e1k, m\u00e1skor ketrecbe z\u00e1rt\u00e1k \u0151ket vagy az orrukba karik\u00e1t f\u0171ztek. Ezen k\u00edv\u00fcl a foglyok egy csoportj\u00e1t kiv\u00e1lasztott\u00e1k, lev\u00e1gt\u00e1k v\u00e9gtagjaikat, orrukat, f\u00fcl\u00fcket, kisz\u00fart\u00e1k a szem\u00fcket, kit\u00e9pt\u00e9k a nyelv\u00fcket, kar\u00f3ba h\u00fazt\u00e1k vagy elevenen megny\u00fazt\u00e1k \u0151ket. Olykor az ellens\u00e9g gyermekeit bez\u00e1rt\u00e1k a megh\u00f3d\u00edtott v\u00e1rosba, majd felgy\u00fajtott\u00e1k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote20sym\" name=\"sdfootnote20anc\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A korm\u00e1nyzati propaganda m\u00e1r 2500-3000 \u00e9ve is kiv\u00e1l\u00f3an m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00f6tt. \u00d6nmagunk f\u00e9nyez\u00e9se, a m\u00e1sik degrad\u00e1l\u00e1sa, a s\u00e1rral dob\u00e1l\u00f3dz\u00e1s nem \u00fajkelet\u0171 tal\u00e1lm\u00e1ny. S\u00een-ahh\u0113-er\u012bba hadj\u00e1ratainak besz\u00e1mol\u00f3ja ezt kiv\u00e1l\u00f3an szeml\u00e9lteti:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">\u201e<span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>S\u00een-ahh\u0113-er\u012bba, a nagy kir\u00e1ly, az er\u0151s kir\u00e1ly, a vil\u00e1gmindens\u00e9g kir\u00e1lya, Assur kir\u00e1lya, a n\u00e9gy vil\u00e1gt\u00e1j kir\u00e1lya, a tev\u00e9keny p\u00e1sztor, a nagy istenek kegyeltje, a jog v\u00e9d\u0151je\u2026 a t\u00f6k\u00e9letes h\u0151s, a vit\u00e9z f\u00e9rfi, minden kir\u00e1lyok elseje\u2026aki vill\u00e1mokat sz\u00f3r a gonoszra\u2026Els\u0151 hadj\u00e1ratomban\u2026 75 er\u0151s v\u00e1ros\u00e1t\u2026 420 kis v\u00e1ros\u00e1t\u2026elfoglaltam\u2026208.000 embert\u2026hurcoltam el\u2026 Harmadik hadj\u00e1ratomban\u2026v\u00e1rosba el\u00e9rtem, a vezet\u0151ket, az el\u0151kel\u0151ket\u2026meg\u00f6lv\u00e9n, holttest\u00fcket a v\u00e1ros k\u00f6r\u00fcl oszlopokra aggattam\u2026 200.150 embert\u2026 zs\u00e1km\u00e1nyba sz\u00e1ml\u00e1ltam\u2026 Nyolcadik hadj\u00e1ratomban\u2026 Suzubu, a k\u00e1ld, az er\u0151tlen f\u00e9rfi, akinek nincs h\u00edmtagja\u2026El\u00e1mba menek\u00fclt\u2026<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[ahol uralkodik]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> El\u00e1m kir\u00e1lya, akinek nincs \u00e9rtelme \u00e9s b\u00f6lcsess\u00e9ge\u2026 <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[er\u0151s sz\u00f6vets\u00e9geseikkel ellenem t\u00e1madtak]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2026Az ellens\u00e9g katon\u00e1it ny\u00edllal \u00e9s ny\u00edlvessz\u0151vel\u2026szit\u00e1v\u00e1 lyuggattam\u2026Dr\u00e1ga \u00e9let\u00fcket, mint c\u00e9rn\u00e1t, elnyestem\u2026Her\u00e9iket lev\u00e1gv\u00e1n, nemz\u0151erej\u00fcket semmiss\u00e9 tettem\u2026Kez\u00fcket lev\u00e1gtam<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2026[A menek\u00fcl\u0151k]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> vizelet\u00fcket kiengedt\u00e9k harci szekereik belsej\u00e9be, \u00fcr\u00fcl\u00e9k\u00fcket kinyomt\u00e1k. \u00dcld\u00f6z\u00e9s\u00fckre ut\u00e1nuk k\u00fcldtem harci szekereimet (\u00e9s) lovaimat\u2026\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote21sym\" name=\"sdfootnote21anc\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ez id\u0151t\u0151l egy Assz\u00edria ellenes sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi rendszer kezdett kialakulni a k\u00e1ldok, Elam, J\u00fada, a tengerparti v\u00e1rosok (F\u00f6n\u00edcia) \u00e9s <a href=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/2017\/04\/04\/egyiptomania_avagy_mit_adtak-nekunk_az_egyiptomiak\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Egyiptom<\/span><\/a> k\u00f6zrem\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9vel. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">S\u00een-ahh\u0113-er\u012bb\u00e1t<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> meggyilkolt\u00e1k a fiai, majd r\u00f6vid belh\u00e1bor\u00fa t\u00f6rt ki, amelyb\u0151l az uralkod\u00f3 egyik fia, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A\u0161\u0161ur-ah-iddina<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Kr.e. 681-669) ker\u00fclt ki gy\u0151ztesen. Apj\u00e1val ellent\u00e9tes politik\u00e1t kezdett folytatni: enyh\u00edtett a katonai terroron, az elfoglalt ter\u00fcletek bizonyos fok\u00fa \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3s\u00e1got kaptak.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote22sym\" name=\"sdfootnote22anc\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a> B\u0151kez\u0171 t\u00e1mogat\u00e1st adott Babilon \u00fajj\u00e1\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9hez, a v\u00e1ros polg\u00e1rait visszahelyezte \u0151si jogaikba.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote23sym\" name=\"sdfootnote23anc\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a> Szerz\u0151d\u00e9ssel vonta f\u00fcgg\u0151s\u00e9gbe a f\u00f6n\u00edciai Tyros v\u00e1ros\u00e1t \u00e9s a m\u00e9d t\u00f6rzseket. Hab\u00e1r \u00e9szakon a nom\u00e1d szk\u00edta t\u00f6rzsek \u00e1lland\u00f3an nyugtalan\u00edtott\u00e1k a hat\u00e1rvid\u00e9ket, d\u00e9len Kr.e. 671-ben siker\u00fclt Als\u00f3-Egyiptom nagy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t elfoglalni. A f\u0151sereg elvonul\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n l\u00e1zad\u00e1s t\u00f6rt ki, ez\u00e9rt Kr.e. 669-ben <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A\u0161\u0161ur-ah-iddina<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> maga vezetett sereget Egyiptom ellen, azonban \u00fat k\u00f6zben v\u00e1ratlanul meghalt. V\u00e9grendelet\u00e9ben a birodalmat k\u00e9t fia k\u00f6z\u00f6tt osztotta meg: id\u0151sebbik fi\u00e1t, Samas-sum-uk\u00ednt jel\u00f6lte Babilon alkir\u00e1ly\u00e1ul, s a birodalom eg\u00e9sz\u00e9t kisebbik fia, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A\u0161\u0161ur-b\u0101n-apli<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> kez\u00e9be adta (m\u00e1r Kr.e. 672-ben). <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A\u0161\u0161ur-b\u0101n-apli<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Kr.e. 669-631<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote24sym\" name=\"sdfootnote24anc\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a>) apja akarat\u00e1hoz h\u00edven j\u00e1rt el, amikor b\u00e1tyj\u00e1nak megadta a kir\u00e1lyi m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1got. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Samas-sum-uk\u00edn (Kr.e. 669-648) azonban Babilon \u00e9s eg\u00e9sz D\u00e9l-Mezopot\u00e1mia helyzet\u00e9t felm\u00e9rve, fokozatosan \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3, majd pedig assz\u00edrellenes politik\u00e1t folytatott. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A\u0161\u0161ur-b\u0101n-apli<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> k\u00e9t hadj\u00e1rat\u00e1ban form\u00e1lis gy\u0151zelmet aratott Egyiptom f\u00f6l\u00f6tt, \u00edgy El\u0151-\u00c1zsia kereskedelm\u00e9nek egyik kiindul\u00f3pontja az ellen\u0151rz\u00e9se al\u00e1 ker\u00fclt. A gy\u0151zelem azonban nem bizonyult tart\u00f3snak, az assz\u00edr uralmat fenntartani sem katonailag, sem adminisztrat\u00edve nem lehetett, \u00e9s \u00edgy Egyiptom helytart\u00f3ja, Pszammetich (Pisamilki, Kr.e. 664-609) n\u00e9h\u00e1ny \u00e9v ut\u00e1n, Kr.e. 655 t\u00e1j\u00e1n f\u00fcggetlenn\u00e9 tette mag\u00e1t \u00e9s az orsz\u00e1got, s\u0151t kezdem\u00e9nyez\u0151 szerepe volt minden k\u00e9s\u0151bbi assz\u00edrellenes megmozdul\u00e1sban.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote25sym\" name=\"sdfootnote25anc\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a> Kr.e. 652-ben robbant ki az id\u0151sebb testv\u00e9r, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0160ama\u0161<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-sum-uk\u00edn vezette babiloni felkel\u00e9s, amihez csatlakozott Elam, a k\u00e1ld \u00e9s az arab t\u00f6rzsek, azonban Kr.e. 650-ben <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A\u0161\u0161ur-b\u0101n-apli<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> k\u00f6r\u00fclz\u00e1rta Babilont, ami k\u00e9t \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb elesett, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0160ama\u0161<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-sum-uk\u00edn<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> pedig \u00f6ngyilkos lett.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote26sym\" name=\"sdfootnote26anc\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/a> \u00c1ll\u00edt\u00f3lag saj\u00e1t palot\u00e1ja l\u00e1ngjai k\u00f6z\u00e9 vetette mag\u00e1t. A v\u00e1rosban halmokban hevertek a holttestek, az \u00e9l\u0151k pedig az ostrom alatt emberh\u00fas ev\u00e9sre k\u00e9nyszer\u00fcltek. A v\u00e9ront\u00e1s ut\u00e1n A\u0161\u0161ur-b\u0101n-apli ritu\u00e1lisan megtiszt\u00edtotta a v\u00e1rost, \u00e9s visszatelep\u00edtette a m\u00e9sz\u00e1rl\u00e1s t\u00fal\u00e9l\u0151it.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote27sym\" name=\"sdfootnote27anc\"><sup>27<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Map_of_Assyria.png\/800px-Map_of_Assyria.png\" alt=\"File:Map of Assyria.png\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Az Assz\u00edr Birodalom; s\u00f6t\u00e9tz\u00f6lddel a Kr. e. 824-es \u00e1llapot, vil\u00e1gosz\u00f6lddel a cs\u00facspont, Kr. e. 671. (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Map_of_Assyria.png\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ezut\u00e1n Elam \u00e9s Ar\u00e1bia elleni b\u0171ntet\u0151 hadj\u00e1ratok k\u00f6vetkeztek, mik\u00f6zben a perzsa uralkod\u00f3, Kuras [I. K\u00fcrosz] beh\u00f3dolt az assz\u00edroknak. Assz\u00edria hatalma cs\u00facs\u00e1ra \u00e9rkezett, majd elindult a lejt\u0151n, hogy p\u00e1r \u00e9vtized m\u00falva elt\u0171nj\u00f6n abban a bizonyos s\u00fcllyeszt\u0151ben<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote28sym\" name=\"sdfootnote28anc\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/a> Az assz\u00edr h\u00f3d\u00edt\u00e1sokat gyakran a helyi n\u00e9pess\u00e9g \u00e1ttelep\u00edt\u00e9se, m\u00e1s ter\u00fcletekr\u0151l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 n\u00e9pess\u00e9g betelep\u00edt\u00e9se, teh\u00e1t egyfajta n\u00e9pess\u00e9gcsere k\u00f6vette. A megh\u00f3d\u00edtott ter\u00fcleteken v\u00e9gzett lakoss\u00e1gcsere nem assz\u00edr tal\u00e1lm\u00e1ny volt, azonban az \u00dajassz\u00edr Birodalom idej\u00e9n v\u00e1lt egyr\u00e9szt t\u00f6megess\u00e9, m\u00e1sr\u00e9szt rutinszer\u0171v\u00e9 az elj\u00e1r\u00e1s. A birodalmi expanzi\u00f3 folyam\u00e1n \u00e1ttelep\u00edtettek sz\u00e1m\u00e1t neh\u00e9z megbecs\u00fclni, de kutat\u00f3k szerint II. A\u0161\u0161ur-d\u0101n \u00e9s A\u0161\u0161ur-b\u0101n-apli uralkod\u00e1sa k\u00f6z\u00f6tt (Kr.e. 934-631) mintegy 4\u20136 milli\u00f3 ember \u00e1ttelep\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t v\u00e9gezte el az assz\u00edr hadi \u00e9s adminisztr\u00e1ci\u00f3s g\u00e9pezet.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote29sym\" name=\"sdfootnote29anc\"><sup>29<\/sup><\/a> A kir\u00e1lyfeliratokb\u00f3l az is kider\u00fclt, hogy a helyi elitet \u00e9s uralkod\u00f3kat is Assz\u00edri\u00e1ba hurcolt\u00e1k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote30sym\" name=\"sdfootnote30anc\"><sup>30<\/sup><\/a> Ezen fel\u00fcl a legy\u0151z\u00f6tt seregek katon\u00e1it er\u0151szakkal besorozt\u00e1k, a mesterembereket deport\u00e1lt\u00e1k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote31sym\" name=\"sdfootnote31anc\"><sup>31<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><u>Az \u00dajassz\u00edr Birodalom buk\u00e1sa<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A hadj\u00e1ratok sz\u00e1ma lecs\u00f6kkent, viszont az assz\u00edr gazdas\u00e1g egyik f\u0151 \u00e9ltet\u0151je a h\u00e1bor\u00fas zs\u00e1km\u00e1ny volt, emellett a katonai vezet\u0151k egyre nagyobb \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3s\u00e1gra kezdtek t\u00f6rekedni \u00e9s megszaporodtak a katonai l\u00e1zad\u00e1sok.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote32sym\" name=\"sdfootnote32anc\"><sup>32<\/sup><\/a> A\u0161\u0161ur-b\u0101n-apli <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hal\u00e1l\u00e1t k\u00f6vet\u0151en fia, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">S\u00een-\u0161ar-i\u0161kun<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> l\u00e9pett tr\u00f3nra, mik\u00f6zben l\u00e1zad\u00e1sok t\u00f6rtek ki, \u00e9s sorra szakadtak el a vazallus \u00e1llamok. Kr.e. 626-ban egy k\u00e1ld sejk, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb-apal-u\u1e63ur<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Kr.e. 626-605) ki\u00e1ltotta ki mag\u00e1t Babilon kir\u00e1ly\u00e1nak, \u00e9s Assz\u00edria ellen fordult. \u00c9vente vezetett hadj\u00e1ratot az assz\u00edrok ellen kisebb sikereket el\u00e9rve, m\u00edgnem Kr.e. 615-ben a m\u00e9dek is Assz\u00edri\u00e1ra t\u00e1madtak <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Umaki\u0161tar<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> [K\u00fcaxar\u00e9sz] (Kr.e. 625-585) vezet\u00e9s\u00e9vel. Kr.e. 614-ben a m\u00e9dek bevett\u00e9k <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A\u0161\u0161ur<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> v\u00e1ros\u00e1t \u00e9s sz\u00f6vets\u00e9get k\u00f6t\u00f6ttek Babilonnal.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote33sym\" name=\"sdfootnote33anc\"><sup>33<\/sup><\/a> Ezt h\u00e1zass\u00e1ggal is megpecs\u00e9telt\u00e9k: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb-apal-u\u1e63ur<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> fia, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur feles\u00e9g\u00fcl vette a m\u00e9d kir\u00e1ly unok\u00e1j\u00e1t, Am\u00fcitiszt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote34sym\" name=\"sdfootnote34anc\"><sup>34<\/sup><\/a> Kr.e. 612-ben a sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gesek \u00f6sszehangolt t\u00e1mad\u00e1sba lend\u00fcltek, ostrom al\u00e1 vett\u00e9k Ninu\u00e1t (Ninive), amit siker\u00fclt elfoglalni, s elesett az assz\u00edr kir\u00e1ly, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">S\u00een-\u0161ar-i\u0161kun<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is. \u00c9rdekes m\u00f3don az Assz\u00edria ellens\u00e9g\u00e9nek sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3 Egyiptom Assz\u00edria mellett kapcsol\u00f3dott be a h\u00e1bor\u00faba kett\u0151s c\u00e9llal: visszaszor\u00edtani Babilon n\u00f6vekv\u0151 hatalm\u00e1t, valamint megszerezni a f\u00f6n\u00edciai partvid\u00e9ket \u00e9s \u00c9szak-Sz\u00edri\u00e1t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote35sym\" name=\"sdfootnote35anc\"><sup>35<\/sup><\/a> Assz\u00edria teljes felsz\u00e1mol\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n m\u00e9g tov\u00e1bb folytak a harcok Egyiptom \u00e9s Babilon k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, m\u00edg v\u00e9g\u00fcl Kr.e. 605-ben <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Karkemi\u0161<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> mellett Babilon d\u00f6nt\u0151 veres\u00e9get m\u00e9rt a II. N\u00e9k\u00f3 f\u00e1ra\u00f3 vezette egyiptomiakra. Ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151en a m\u00e9dekkel felosztott\u00e1k az assz\u00edr \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9get, amit helyenk\u00e9nt \u2013 pl.: a volt vazallus \u00e1llamok eset\u00e9ben \u2013 fegyverrel kellett ism\u00e9t megszerezni.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote36sym\" name=\"sdfootnote36anc\"><sup>36<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><u>\u00daj orsz\u00e1g Assz\u00edria romjain: az \u00dajbabiloni (k\u00e1ld) Birodalom sz\u00fclet\u00e9se<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Az assz\u00edrokkal foly\u00f3 h\u00e1bor\u00fa k\u00f6zben Nab\u00fb-apal-u\u1e63ur<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> \u00e9p\u00edtkez\u00e9sekbe fogott: Babilon mellett az Eufr\u00e1tesz-csatorn\u00e1n \u00e1lland\u00f3 k\u0151hidat emelt, valamint belekezdett a babiloni zikkurat (toronytemplom) \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9be. Fennmaradt felirata, melyben Assz\u00edria legy\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l \u00e9s a zikkurat \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l besz\u00e1mol, hab\u00e1r p\u00e1r apr\u00f3cska r\u00e9szletet kihagy:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">\u201e\u2026<span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mid\u0151n <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Nab\u00fb \u00e9s Marduk\u2026parancs\u00e1b\u00f3l\u2026fegyver seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel Assz\u00edri\u00e1t levertem, orsz\u00e1g\u00e1t romhalmazz\u00e1 \u00e9s pusztas\u00e1gg\u00e1 v\u00e1ltoztattam<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (itt kifelejti, hogy nem egyed\u00fcl verte le az assz\u00edrokat, s\u0151t, sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gesei t\u00f6bbet tettek, mint \u0151 maga): <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az id\u0151ben\u2026 Babili ziqqurratuj\u00e1val, amely az \u00e9n<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> [uralkod\u00e1som] <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>el\u0151tt <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[m\u00e1r] <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>el\u00e9v\u00fclt \u00e9s omladozni kezdett, Mardukt\u00f3l, uramt\u00f3l \u00e9n parancsot kaptam, hogy alapj\u00e1t az Alvil\u00e1g mell\u00e9n vetn\u00e9m meg, \u00e9s cs\u00facs\u00e1t az \u00e9gig magas\u00edtan\u00e1m.\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote37sym\" name=\"sdfootnote37anc\"><sup>37<\/sup><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hal\u00e1l\u00e1t k\u00f6vet\u0151en fia, II. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur [Nabukodonozor] (Kr.e. 605-562) \u00fclt tr\u00f3nra.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote38sym\" name=\"sdfootnote38anc\"><sup>38<\/sup><\/a> \u00c1tv\u00e9ve a sikeres assz\u00edr politikai m\u00f3dszereket, rendszeresen vezetett hadj\u00e1ratokat ereje fitogtat\u00e1sa \u00e9s az ad\u00f3z\u00e1si hajland\u00f3s\u00e1g n\u00f6vel\u00e9se \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben. Jehoj\u00e1kim, J\u00fada kir\u00e1lya \u00f6nk\u00e9nt beh\u00f3dolt, aminek k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyek\u00e9nt egy csoport zsid\u00f3t \u2013 val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg k\u00f6zt\u00fck volt D\u00e1niel pr\u00f3f\u00e9ta is \u2013 t\u00faszk\u00e9nt vittek Babilonba.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote39sym\" name=\"sdfootnote39anc\"><sup>39<\/sup><\/a> H\u00f3d\u00edt\u00e1saival gyorsan megn\u00f6velte birodalma ter\u00fclet\u00e9t: elfoglalta a f\u00f6n\u00edciai tengerpartot, megh\u00f3d\u00edtotta Sz\u00edri\u00e1t, legy\u0151zte az arabokat.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote40sym\" name=\"sdfootnote40anc\"><sup>40<\/sup><\/a> Kr.e. 601-ben <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur Egyiptom ellen vonult, az egyiptomi hat\u00e1r k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben csaptak \u00f6ssze, de mindk\u00e9t f\u00e9l s\u00falyos vesztes\u00e9geket szenvedett. Jehoj\u00e1kim \u2013 rosszul m\u00e9rve fel a helyzetet \u2013 besz\u00fcntette az ad\u00f3fizet\u00e9st Babilonnak, hogy visszat\u00e9rjen Egyiptom fennhat\u00f3s\u00e1ga al\u00e1. Ezt megtorland\u00f3 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur Kr.e. 597-ben bevette Jeruzs\u00e1lemet, \u00e9s az \u00faj uralkod\u00f3t, Jehoj\u00e1kint csal\u00e1dj\u00e1val, a f\u0151 \u00e1llami tisztvisel\u0151kkel, mesteremberekkel Babilonba vitte. A v\u00e1rost ugyan megk\u00edm\u00e9lt\u00e9k, de s\u00falyos ad\u00f3t vetettek ki, valamint kifosztott\u00e1k a kir\u00e1lyi palot\u00e1t \u00e9s Salamon templom\u00e1t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote41sym\" name=\"sdfootnote41anc\"><sup>41<\/sup><\/a> Ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151en az egyiptomiak bet\u00f6rtek Palesztin\u00e1ba, fell\u00e1z\u00edtott\u00e1k Jehoj\u00e1kin nagyb\u00e1tyj\u00e1t, Zedeki\u00e1st, azonban a babiloni sereg megjelen\u00e9s\u00e9vel az egyiptomiak elvonultak, \u00edgy Jeruzs\u00e1lem mag\u00e1ra maradt. Tizennyolc h\u00f3nap m\u00falva, Kr.e. 586-ben a babiloni sereg a v\u00e1rost elfoglalta \u00e9s kifosztotta, falait lerombolta, a palot\u00e1t \u00e9s a templomot felgy\u00fajtotta, a lakoss\u00e1g t\u00f6bbs\u00e9g\u00e9t Babilonba deport\u00e1lta, ak\u00e1rcsak Zedeki\u00e1st, akit el\u0151tte megvak\u00edtottak, fiait meg\u00f6lt\u00e9k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote42sym\" name=\"sdfootnote42anc\"><sup>42<\/sup><\/a> Tizenh\u00e1rom \u00e9v ostrom ut\u00e1n, Kr.e. 572-ben bevett\u00e9k a f\u00f6n\u00edciai T\u00fcrosz<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote43sym\" name=\"sdfootnote43anc\"><sup>43<\/sup><\/a> v\u00e1ros\u00e1t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote44sym\" name=\"sdfootnote44anc\"><sup>44<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007110.jpg\/800px-Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007110.jpg\" alt=\"File:Pergamon Museum Berlin 2007110.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A babiloni I<span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0161<\/span><\/span>tar-kapu \u00e9s a v\u00e1rosfalak egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9nek rekonstrukci\u00f3ja (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007110.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur uralkod\u00e1sa alatt csod\u00e1s v\u00e1ross\u00e1 \u00e9p\u00fclt Babilon. A v\u00e1ros k\u00f6r\u00e9 h\u00e1rmas falat emelt, zom\u00e1nct\u00e9gla domborm\u0171vekkel d\u00edsz\u00edtette az <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I\u0161tar<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kaput. M\u00e9d feles\u00e9g\u00e9nek f\u00fcgg\u0151kertet \u00e9p\u00edttetett<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote45sym\" name=\"sdfootnote45anc\"><sup>45<\/sup><\/a>, ami \u00e9getett t\u00e9gl\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e9s aszfaltb\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, teraszokkal l\u00e1tt\u00e1k el, ahol f\u00e1k \u00e9s vir\u00e1g\u00e1gy\u00e1sok sorakoztak, valamint \u00f6nt\u00f6z\u0151berendez\u00e9s l\u00e1tta el v\u00edzzel a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyeket. A kert nem volt t\u00fal nagy: 25 m magas, 42 m hossz\u00fa, 30 m sz\u00e9les lehetett.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote46sym\" name=\"sdfootnote46anc\"><sup>46<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Emellett<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur befejezte a 91 m\u00e9ter magas, \u00f6t l\u00e9pcs\u0151zetb\u0151l \u00e1ll\u00f3 zikkurat \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote47sym\" name=\"sdfootnote47anc\"><sup>47<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><u>Az \u00dajbabiloni Birodalom buk\u00e1sa<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">II. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur hal\u00e1la ut\u00e1n n\u00e9h\u00e1ny \u00e9ven \u00e1t z\u0171rzavar uralkodott. R\u00f6vid id\u0151 leforg\u00e1sa alatt n\u00e9gy kir\u00e1ly v\u00e1ltotta egym\u00e1st a tr\u00f3non. A legszervezettebb \u00e9s leggazdagabb er\u0151 a Marduk-paps\u00e1g volt: Marduk templomai nemcsak nagy f\u00f6ldtulajdonnal rendelkeztek, de a k\u00fclkereskedelem jelent\u0151s r\u00e9sz\u00e9t is \u0151k bonyol\u00edtott\u00e1k le. K\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 eszk\u00f6z\u00f6kkel a k\u00f6zv\u00e9lem\u00e9nyt d\u00f6nt\u0151en befoly\u00e1solt\u00e1k. A gyenge uralkod\u00f3k b\u00e1bok voltak kez\u00fckben. Kr.e. 556-ban a Marduk-paps\u00e1g emelte tr\u00f3nra m\u00e9g el\u0151dje \u00e9let\u00e9ben <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ot (Kr.e. 556-539) is. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">m\u00e1r udvari m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1got t\u00f6lt\u00f6tt be <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur \u00e9let\u00e9ben is; tr\u00f3nra l\u00e9p\u00e9sekor val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg \u00f6tvenes \u00e9veiben j\u00e1rt. A k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 \u00e9vben azonban sorsd\u00f6nt\u0151 esem\u00e9nyek t\u00f6rt\u00e9ntek, amik k\u00e9s\u0151bb befoly\u00e1solt\u00e1k eg\u00e9sz Mezopot\u00e1mia \u00e9s a K\u00f6zel-Kelet t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelm\u00e9t. Kr.e. 555-ben a m\u00e9dek alattval\u00f3i, a perzs\u00e1k II. Nagy K\u00fcrosz [<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kura\u0161<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">] vezet\u00e9s\u00e9vel fell\u00e1zadtak kor\u00e1bbi uraik ellen \u00e9s legy\u0151zt\u00e9k \u0151ket. Lehets\u00e9ges, hogy a perzs\u00e1k \u00e9s <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6dtek a m\u00e9dek elleni t\u00e1mad\u00e1s sor\u00e1n, mivel Babilon is szemet vetett bizonyos m\u00e9d ter\u00fcletekre. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 491px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Nabonidus.jpg\" alt=\"File:Nabonidus.jpg\" width=\"491\" height=\"600\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id, m\u00e1s alakban <\/span><\/span>Nabonidus \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sa szt\u00e9l\u00e9n (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nabonidus.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ezt bizony\u00edtja, hogy a perzsa inv\u00e1zi\u00f3 idej\u00e9n <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">elragadta egykori sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ges\u00e9t\u0151l \u00c9szak-Mezopot\u00e1mia egyes ter\u00fcleteit. Ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151en <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">S\u00een<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> holdisten kultusz\u00e1t kezdte t\u00e1mogatni, mag\u00e1ra harag\u00edtva a Marduk-paps\u00e1got.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote48sym\" name=\"sdfootnote48anc\"><sup>48<\/sup><\/a> A m\u00e9dek legy\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9t nem k\u00f6vette olyan puszt\u00edt\u00e1s, mint ahogyan az assz\u00edrok, babil\u00f3niaiak tett\u00e9k a leig\u00e1zottakkal. K\u00fcrosz megtartotta a kor\u00e1bbi f\u0151v\u00e1rost, Ekbatan\u00e1t, itt helyezte el a kir\u00e1lyi lev\u00e9lt\u00e1rat, t\u00f6bb tisztvisel\u0151t megtartott poz\u00edci\u00f3j\u00e1ban. Ezut\u00e1n a sah c\u00e9lja nyugaton el\u00e9rni a f\u00f6ldk\u00f6zi-tengeri kik\u00f6t\u0151ket, keleten pedig megv\u00e9deni hat\u00e1rait. \u00cdgy tal\u00e1lta szemben mag\u00e1t L\u00fcdi\u00e1val.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote49sym\" name=\"sdfootnote49anc\"><sup>49<\/sup><\/a> A m\u00e9d ter\u00fcletek ir\u00e1nti v\u00e1gy \u00e9s a perzs\u00e1k megt\u00f6r\u00e9se sarkalta arra a kis-\u00e1zsiai L\u00fcdia kir\u00e1ly\u00e1t, Kroiszoszt [Kr\u0151zus], hogy \u00e1tkelve a Hal\u00fcsz-foly\u00f3n, megt\u00e1madja K\u00fcroszt, de a perzsa sah a h\u00edres l\u00fcd lovass\u00e1got tev\u00e9s egys\u00e9gekkel verte sz\u00e9t \u00e9s Kr.e. 546-ra elfoglalta L\u00fcdi\u00e1t \u00e9s Kis-\u00c1zsi\u00e1t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote50sym\" name=\"sdfootnote50anc\"><sup>50<\/sup><\/a> A l\u00fcd hadj\u00e1rat idej\u00e9n K\u00fcrosz elfoglalta Harr\u00e1nt, amely fontos kereskedelmi k\u00f6zpontk\u00e9nt <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Babilon kez\u00e9n volt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote51sym\" name=\"sdfootnote51anc\"><sup>51<\/sup><\/a> Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sz\u00e1m\u00edtott egy k\u00e9s\u0151bbi perzsa t\u00e1mad\u00e1sra, ez\u00e9rt gazdas\u00e1gi \u00e9s katonai fejleszt\u00e9sekbe fogott. A gazdas\u00e1gi n\u00f6veked\u00e9s egyik legfontosabb t\u00e9nyez\u0151j\u00e9t a nyugati kereskedelemben l\u00e1tta, emiatt Kr.e. 550 k\u00f6r\u00fcl t\u00edz \u00e9vre D\u00e9l-Ar\u00e1bi\u00e1ba tette \u00e1t sz\u00e9khely\u00e9t<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote52sym\" name=\"sdfootnote52anc\"><sup>52<\/sup><\/a> (m\u00e1s forr\u00e1sok szerint betegs\u00e9ge miatt tart\u00f3zkodott az ar\u00e1biai Tem\u00e1ban<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote53sym\" name=\"sdfootnote53anc\"><sup>53<\/sup><\/a>), fi\u00e1t, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63urt<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> [<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B\u00e9lsaccar] pedig Babilon korm\u00e1nyz\u00e1s\u00e1val b\u00edzta meg.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote54sym\" name=\"sdfootnote54anc\"><sup>54<\/sup><\/a> (M\u00e1s v\u00e9lem\u00e9nyek szerint t\u00e1rsuralkod\u00f3v\u00e1 tette.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote55sym\" name=\"sdfootnote55anc\"><sup>55<\/sup><\/a>) A h\u00e1bor\u00fak \u00e9s \u00e9p\u00edtkez\u00e9sek komolyan megterhelt\u00e9k az orsz\u00e1g er\u0151forr\u00e1sait: Kr.e. 560 \u00e9s 550 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt az \u00e1rak 50 %-kal emelkedtek.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote56sym\" name=\"sdfootnote56anc\"><sup>56<\/sup><\/a> Miut\u00e1n visszat\u00e9rt, Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id meger\u0151s\u00edtette Babilon v\u00e9dm\u0171veit \u00e9s h\u00e1bor\u00fara k\u00e9sz\u00fclt \u2013 emellett m\u00e1s v\u00e1rosok istenszobrait is ide hozatta \u2013, azonban Kr.e. 539-ben a perzs\u00e1k t\u00e1mad\u00e1st ind\u00edtottak. Kr.e. 539. okt\u00f3ber 10-\u00e9n a perzsa \u00e9s babiloni seregek Szipparn\u00e1l csaptak \u00f6ssze<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote57sym\" name=\"sdfootnote57anc\"><sup>57<\/sup><\/a>, mik\u00f6zben B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Babilonban sz\u00e9kelt. A csata perzsa gy\u0151zelemmel z\u00e1rult, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id pedig fogs\u00e1gba esett.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><u>Az a bizonyos \u00e9jszaka\u2026<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Az a bizonyos \u00e9jszaka, melyet a Biblia le\u00edr, Kr.e. 539. okt\u00f3ber 12-\u00e9n t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt. B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur (nev\u00e9nek jelent\u00e9se: \u00d3 B\u0113l, v\u00e9dd meg a kir\u00e1lyt!<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote58sym\" name=\"sdfootnote58anc\"><sup>58<\/sup><\/a>) semmit sem tudott atyja \u00e9s csapatai veres\u00e9g\u00e9r\u0151l. A Biblia <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">II. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszurt nevezi meg <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur atyj\u00e1nak. Ennek oka az is lehet, hogy mint kir\u00e1lyi el\u0151d\u00f6t \u00e9rtettek alatta. Ezen k\u00edv\u00fcl \u00e9rdekes t\u00e9ny, hogy elviekben <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">II. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur lehetett <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur nagyatyja, de nem v\u00e9r szerint, mivel Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id n\u0151\u00fcl vette Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur le\u00e1ny\u00e1t megszil\u00e1rd\u00edtva ezzel legitimit\u00e1s\u00e1t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote59sym\" name=\"sdfootnote59anc\"><sup>59<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mag\u00e1r\u00f3l a v\u00e1rosr\u00f3l H\u00e9rodotosz a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151k\u00e9ppen \u00edr:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">\u201e<span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mind k\u00f6z\u00fcl a legnevezetesebb \u00e9s leger\u0151sebb Bab\u00fcl\u00f3n, ahol Ninosz lerombol\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n fel\u00e9p\u00fclt a kir\u00e1lyi palota. Nagyj\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00edgy \u00edrhat\u00f3 le. Egy nagy s\u00edks\u00e1g k\u00f6zep\u00e9n ter\u00fcl el, \u00e9s olyan n\u00e9gysz\u00f6get form\u00e1l, amelynek mindegyik oldala sz\u00e1zh\u00fasz sztadion <\/i>(150-200 m\u00e9ter k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00e9rt\u00e9k)<i> hossz\u00fa, \u00edgy a v\u00e1ros ker\u00fclete \u00f6sszesen n\u00e9gysz\u00e1znyolcvan sztadion. Ily hatalmas teh\u00e1t Bab\u00fcl\u00f3n v\u00e1rosa, \u00e9s az a m\u00f3d, ahogy meg\u00e9p\u00edtett\u00e9k, tudom\u00e1som szerint egyetlen m\u00e1s v\u00e1ros\u00e9hoz sem foghat\u00f3. K\u00edv\u00fclr\u0151l m\u00e9ly \u00e9s sz\u00e9les vizes\u00e1rok veszi k\u00f6r\u00fcl, a v\u00e1rosfal vastags\u00e1ga \u00f6tven kir\u00e1lyi p\u00e9kh\u00fcsz, magass\u00e1ga pedig k\u00e9tsz\u00e1z p\u00e9kh\u00fcsz <\/i>(0,5 m\u00e9ter)<i>. (A kir\u00e1lyi p\u00e9kh\u00fcsz h\u00e1rom h\u00fcvelykkel hosszabb a k\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9ges p\u00e9kh\u00fcszn\u00e9l.) El kell mondanom m\u00e9g azt is, hogyan haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k fel a csatorn\u00e1b\u00f3l kiker\u00fclt f\u00f6ldet, s milyen m\u00f3don h\u00fazt\u00e1k fel a falakat. Miut\u00e1n ki\u00e1st\u00e1k a csatorn\u00e1t, a kiker\u00fclt f\u00f6ldb\u0151l t\u00e9gl\u00e1kat k\u00e9sz\u00edtettek, majd amikor m\u00e1r elegend\u0151 sz\u00e1m\u00fa t\u00e9gl\u00e1t form\u00e1ltak, kemenc\u00e9ben ki\u00e9gett\u00e9k \u0151ket. A t\u00e9gl\u00e1kat forr\u00f3 aszfalttal illesztett\u00e9k \u00f6ssze, s minden harmincadik t\u00e9glasor f\u00f6l\u00e9 n\u00e1dfonad\u00e9kot raktak. Ekk\u00e9pp \u00e9p\u00edtett\u00e9k ki el\u0151sz\u00f6r a csatorna perem\u00e9t, majd a v\u00e1rosfalakat. A falak tetej\u00e9n egym\u00e1ssal szemben emeletes \u00e9p\u00fcleteket h\u00faztak fel, k\u00f6z\u00f6tt\u00fck pedig egy n\u00e9gyes fogatnak is elegend\u0151 utat hagytak. A falakon k\u00f6rben sz\u00e1z torony \u00e1ll, amelyek, ak\u00e1rcsak az ajt\u00f3k \u00e9s a k\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u00f6k, bronzb\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fcltek. (\u2026) A v\u00e1ros k\u00e9t r\u00e9szb\u0151l \u00e1ll, mert k\u00f6z\u00e9pen az Euphrat\u00e9sz nev\u0171 foly\u00f3 osztja kett\u00e9. Ez a hatalmas, m\u00e9ly \u00e9s gyors foly\u00f3 Arm\u00e9ni\u00e1ban ered, s a V\u00f6r\u00f6stengerbe \u00f6mlik. A k\u00f6rbefut\u00f3 falak mindk\u00e9t oldalon a foly\u00f3ig ny\u00falnak, \u00e9s onnan a part ment\u00e9n mindk\u00e9toldalt \u00e9getett t\u00e9gl\u00e1kb\u00f3l emelt falak h\u00faz\u00f3dnak. Mag\u00e1t a v\u00e1rost h\u00e1rom- \u00e9s n\u00e9gyemeletes h\u00e1zak alkotj\u00e1k, s egyenes utak szelik \u00e1t, amelyek, \u00e9pp\u00fagy, mint a keresztutak, a foly\u00f3hoz vezetnek. A foly\u00f3 menti falakhoz \u00e9rkez\u0151 utak v\u00e9g\u00e9n kapuk tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k, s sz\u00e1muk megegyezik az utc\u00e1k sz\u00e1m\u00e1val. Valamennyi bronzb\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, s a foly\u00f3ra ny\u00edlik. A fal teh\u00e1t mintegy p\u00e1nc\u00e9lt von a v\u00e1ros k\u00f6r\u00e9. Ezen bel\u00fcl h\u00faz\u00f3dik egy m\u00e1sik fal is, mely nem sokkal gyeng\u00e9bb az el\u0151bbin\u00e9l, csak alacsonyabb. A v\u00e1ros mindk\u00e9t r\u00e9sz\u00e9nek k\u00f6zep\u00e9n egy-egy \u00e9p\u00fclet \u00e1ll. Az egyik a nagy \u00e9s er\u0151s k\u0151fallal v\u00e9dett kir\u00e1lyi palota, a m\u00e1sik pedig Zeusz B\u00e9losz bronzkapus szent\u00e9lye.\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote60sym\" name=\"sdfootnote60anc\"><sup>60<\/sup><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A nevezetes \u00e9jszak\u00e1n B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur nagyar\u00e1ny\u00fa lakom\u00e1t rendezett rengeteg vend\u00e9g r\u00e9szv\u00e9tel\u00e9vel. Az ilyen \u00fcnnepeken asszonyok \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban nem vettek r\u00e9szt, azonban ekkor a tr\u00f3n\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6s feles\u00e9gei \u00e9s \u00e1gyasai is ott voltak. T\u00f6mj\u00e9nt \u00e9gettek \u00e9rcserpeny\u0151k\u00f6n, bort ittak liter sz\u00e1mra, mik\u00f6zben zen\u00e9szek j\u00e1tszottak \u00e9s t\u00e1ncosok mutatt\u00e1k be led\u00e9r tudom\u00e1nyukat.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote61sym\" name=\"sdfootnote61anc\"><sup>61<\/sup><\/a> K\u00e1lvin szerint a v\u00e1ros ekkor m\u00e1r ostrom alatt \u00e1llt \u00e9s rengeteg \u00e9lelmet felhalmoztak. A lakoma az\u00e9rt is volt k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges, mert a k\u00e1ldeus kir\u00e1lyok (b\u00e1r tudjuk, hogy B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur nem volt kir\u00e1ly) nagyon ritk\u00e1n h\u00edvtak vend\u00e9geket, \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban egyed\u00fcl \u00e9tkeztek, itt viszont rengetek nemes vette k\u00f6r\u00fcl B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63urt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote62sym\" name=\"sdfootnote62anc\"><sup>62<\/sup><\/a> Ekkor a m\u00e1r ittas B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63urnak az az \u0151r\u00fclt \u00f6tlete t\u00e1madt, hogy a hetven \u00e9vvel kor\u00e1bban Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> \u00e1ltal a jeruzs\u00e1lemi templomb\u00f3l elragadott arany- \u00e9s ez\u00fcst ed\u00e9nyeket el\u0151hozatta. Eme ed\u00e9nyeket sz\u00e9tosztatta vend\u00e9gei k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, borral t\u00f6lt\u00f6tt\u00e9k meg, mik\u00f6zben \u2013 \u00e9s ez volt legf\u0151bb b\u0171n\u00fck \u2013 saj\u00e1t isteneiket dics\u0151\u00edtett\u00e9k \u00e9s ittak bel\u0151l\u00fck.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote63sym\" name=\"sdfootnote63anc\"><sup>63<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ec\/John_Martin_-_Belshazzar%27s_Feast_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\/800px-John_Martin_-_Belshazzar%27s_Feast_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" alt=\"File:John Martin - Belshazzar's Feast - Google Art Project.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B\u00e9lsaccar lakom\u00e1ja, John Martin 1820-as festm\u00e9ny\u00e9n (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:John_Martin_-_Belshazzar%27s_Feast_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ekkor a semmib\u0151l egy l\u00e1thatatlan k\u00e9z egy sz\u00f6veget \u00edrt a falra, amit\u0151l a mulatoz\u00f3k elhallgattak, B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur pedig megrettent. K\u00f6vetelte, hogy azonnal j\u00f6jjenek csillagj\u00f3sok \u00e9s j\u00f6vend\u0151mond\u00f3k. Aki megfejti a sz\u00f6veget, gazdagon megjutalmazza: hercegi b\u00edbort kap, aranyl\u00e1ncot, amivel a harmadik lesz a birodalom hatalmass\u00e1gai k\u00f6z\u00f6tt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote64sym\" name=\"sdfootnote64anc\"><sup>64<\/sup><\/a> A b\u00f6lcsek k\u00f6z\u00fcl senki sem boldogult. Ekkor az anyakir\u00e1lyn\u0151, Nitocris jelent meg, \u00e9s \u0151 aj\u00e1nlotta D\u00e1nielt, akinek magas tiszts\u00e9ge volt m\u00e9g Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur idej\u00e9n.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote65sym\" name=\"sdfootnote65anc\"><sup>65<\/sup><\/a> (Izraelben, Assz\u00edri\u00e1ban, Babilonban \u00e9s Perzsi\u00e1ban az anyakir\u00e1lyn\u0151 nagy befoly\u00e1ssal rendelkezett.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote66sym\" name=\"sdfootnote66anc\"><sup>66<\/sup><\/a> Nem tudjuk, ki lehetett Nitocris. Esetleg <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur anyja vagy nagyanyja, tal\u00e1n Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur \u00f6zvegye.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote67sym\" name=\"sdfootnote67anc\"><sup>67<\/sup><\/a>) Mikor D\u00e1niel megjelent, megfeddte <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63urt. Azt mondta, b\u0171ne az\u00e9rt m\u00e9g s\u00falyosabb, mert ott volt el\u0151tte az int\u0151 p\u00e9lda, amikor Isten megfosztotta j\u00f3zan esz\u00e9t\u0151l Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszurt, \u00e9s a mezei barmokkal egy szintre z\u00fcllesztette, hogy f\u00fcvet egyen, mint az \u00f6kr\u00f6k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote68sym\" name=\"sdfootnote68anc\"><sup>68<\/sup><\/a> Val\u00f3j\u00e1ban itt nem <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszurra kell gondolni, hanem <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nab\u00fb-na\u2019idra, aki \u00e9vekig t\u00e1vol volt Babilont\u00f3l. Azonban ezt az id\u0151t nem f\u0171legel\u00e9ssel, hanem \u2013 mint fentebb eml\u00edtett\u00fck \u2013 a kereskedelmi kapcsolatok tov\u00e1bbfejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9vel, anyagi b\u00e1zis megteremt\u00e9s\u00e9vel t\u00f6lt\u00f6tte. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">D\u00e1niel v\u00e9g\u00fcl elolvasta a falon l\u00e9v\u0151 sz\u00f6veget \u00e9s meg is fejtette: Mene, Mene, Tekel, Ufarszin. \u201eSz\u00e1mba v\u00e9tett\u00e9l, sz\u00e1mba v\u00e9tett\u00e9l, megm\u00e9rett\u00e9l, elosztatt\u00e1l.\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote69sym\" name=\"sdfootnote69anc\"><sup>69<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">M N A<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">M N A<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">T Q L<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">P R S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A szavak k\u00e9tf\u00e9l\u00e9t jelentenek: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1.) mina<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote70sym\" name=\"sdfootnote70anc\"><sup>70<\/sup><\/a>, tekel (vagy shekel, ami 1\/60-ad mina), \u00e9s peresz (vagy f\u00e9l mina)<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote71sym\" name=\"sdfootnote71anc\"><sup>71<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ha m\u00e9rt\u00e9kegys\u00e9geknek vessz\u00fck, akkor egyesek szerint a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 jelent\u00e9ssel b\u00edrnak: A mina (a legnagyobb) Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszurt jel\u00f6li, a legkisebb, a shekel <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63urt, a f\u00e9l mina pedig a m\u00e9deket \u00e9s perzs\u00e1kat, akik m\u00e9g mindig sokkal jobbak, mint B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote72sym\" name=\"sdfootnote72anc\"><sup>72<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2.) mene (megsz\u00e1ml\u00e1ltatt\u00e1l), tekel (megm\u00e9rett\u00e9l), peresz (elosztatt\u00e1l) vagy parasz (perzs\u00e1k)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Az els\u0151 sz\u00f3 megkett\u0151z\u00e9se a nyomat\u00e9koss\u00e1g kedv\u00e9\u00e9rt lehetett, c\u00e9lja a mondottak meger\u0151s\u00edt\u00e9se. Azonban a r\u00e9gi sz\u00f6vegek legt\u00f6bbj\u00e9ben a megkett\u0151z\u00e9s elmarad. Ezut\u00e1n D\u00e1niel elmagyar\u00e1z minden egyes sz\u00f3t. A MENE szerint Isten sz\u00e1mba vette B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur orsz\u00e1g\u00e1t, \u00e9s v\u00e9get vet annak. A TEKEL azt jelenti, hogy B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur megm\u00e9rettetett a m\u00e9rlegen, \u00e9s kev\u00e9snek tal\u00e1ltatott. Az UFARSZIN vagy m\u00e1s \u00edr\u00e1sokban PERESZ jelent\u00e9se a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151: az \u201eu\u201d hang \u201e\u00e9s\u201d-t jelent, a peresz pedig a farszin t\u00f6bbessz\u00e1ma. Eszerint B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur birodalma a m\u00e9dek\u00e9 \u00e9s perzs\u00e1k\u00e9 lesz.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote73sym\" name=\"sdfootnote73anc\"><sup>73<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Egyes kutat\u00f3k azt fejtegetik, mi lehet az oka annak, hogy a b\u00f6lcsek nem \u00e9rtett\u00e9k a feliratot. Esetleg m\u00e1s sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra l\u00e1thatatlan volt? Vagy az \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3d, esetleg a nyelvezet lehetett ismeretlen? Elviekben a sz\u00f6veg ar\u00e1mi nyelven \u00edr\u00f3dott, amit ismerhettek, hiszen ezen a ter\u00fcleten ez volt a kereskedelem \u00e9s a diplom\u00e1cia nyelve (b\u00e1r a b\u00f6lcsek nyelve az akk\u00e1d volt). Ha a sz\u00f6veget b\u00e1rki l\u00e1thatta \u00e9s a nyelvezet\u00e9t is ismert\u00e9k, akkor a m\u00f6g\u00f6ttes jelent\u00e9startalom, illetve a bet\u0171k lehettek a b\u00f6lcsek sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra a feh\u00e9r foltok. Egyes t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9szek \u00fagy v\u00e9lik, az \u00edr\u00e1s kurz\u00edv form\u00e1ban jelenhetett meg norm\u00e1l \u00edr\u00e1si ir\u00e1nnyal (azaz jobbr\u00f3l balra), \u00e9s k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl \u00edgy festhetett<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote74sym\" name=\"sdfootnote74anc\"><sup>74<\/sup><\/a>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-15214\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/iras-300x51.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"51\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/iras-300x51.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/iras.jpg 691w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151en D\u00e1nielt b\u00edborba \u00f6lt\u00f6ztett\u00e9k, \u00e9s aranyl\u00e1nccal \u00e9kes\u00edtett\u00e9k fel, de m\u00e9g ezen az \u00e9jszak\u00e1n B\u0113l-\u0161ar-u\u1e63ur uralma v\u00e9get \u00e9rt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote75sym\" name=\"sdfootnote75anc\"><sup>75<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">\u201e<span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>[K\u00fcrosz] serege egyik r\u00e9sz\u00e9t ott \u00e1ll\u00edtotta fel, ahol a foly\u00f3 el\u00e9ri a v\u00e1rost, m\u00e1sik r\u00e9sz\u00e9t pedig oda, ahol elhagyja. A katon\u00e1knak meghagyta, hogy ha majd a foly\u00f3 vize kell\u0151k\u00e9pp leapad, g\u00e1zoljanak \u00e1t rajta \u00e9s \u00fagy hatoljanak be a v\u00e1rosba. Ezut\u00e1n felsorakoztatta \u0151ket, lelkes\u00edt\u0151 besz\u00e9det int\u00e9zett hozz\u00e1juk, majd serege gyeng\u00e9bb r\u00e9sz\u00e9vel elvonult. A t\u00f3hoz ment, \u00e9s (\u2026) a foly\u00f3 viz\u00e9t csatorn\u00e1val az akkor m\u00e1r elmocsarasodott t\u00f3ba vezettette, minek k\u00f6vetkezt\u00e9ben a v\u00edzszint egyre apadt, \u00e9s a foly\u00f3 \u00e1tg\u00e1zolhat\u00f3v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt. Mikor a v\u00edz oly sek\u00e9ly lett, hogy egy embernek csak a combja k\u00f6zep\u00e9ig \u00e9rt, a foly\u00f3 mell\u00e9 rendelt katon\u00e1k behatoltak a v\u00e1rosba. Ha a bab\u00fcl\u00f3niak tudt\u00e1k volna vagy ak\u00e1r csak megneszelt\u00e9k volna K\u00fcrosz terv\u00e9t, bizony\u00e1ra meg\u00e1ll\u00edtj\u00e1k a v\u00e1rosba benyomul\u00f3 perzs\u00e1kat, \u00e9s egy sz\u00e1lig lem\u00e9sz\u00e1rolj\u00e1k \u0151ket. Elegend\u0151 lett volna ugyanis, ha bez\u00e1rj\u00e1k a foly\u00f3ra ny\u00edl\u00f3 kapukat \u00e9s elhelyezkednek a v\u00edz partj\u00e1n h\u00faz\u00f3d\u00f3 b\u00e1styafalakon, \u00e9s akkor \u00fagy elfogj\u00e1k \u0151ket, mint h\u00e1l\u00f3val a halat. \u00cdgy azonban a perzs\u00e1k megjelen\u00e9se teljesen v\u00e1ratlanul \u00e9rte \u0151ket. Ann\u00e1l is ink\u00e1bb, mert mint maguk az itteniek mes\u00e9lik, e roppant kiterjed\u00e9s\u0171 v\u00e1rosban a bels\u0151 r\u00e9szeken lak\u00f3k nem vett\u00e9k \u00e9szre, hogy a v\u00e1ros k\u00fcls\u0151 r\u00e9szei az ellens\u00e9g kez\u00e9re ker\u00fcltek. R\u00e1ad\u00e1sul \u00e9ppen \u00fcnnepet \u00fcltek, t\u00e1nccal \u00e9s mulats\u00e1gokkal t\u00f6lt\u00f6tt\u00e9k az id\u0151t, am\u00edg meg nem tudt\u00e1k a r\u00e9m\u00edt\u0151 val\u00f3s\u00e1got. \u00cdgy foglalt\u00e1k el els\u0151 \u00edzben Bab\u00fcl\u00f3nt.\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote76sym\" name=\"sdfootnote76anc\"><sup>76<\/sup><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Biblia a perzs\u00e1k vezet\u0151j\u00e9nek Dareioszt nevezi meg, de itt ezt nem szem\u00e9lyn\u00e9vnek, hanem mell\u00e9kn\u00e9vnek kell tekinteni, aminek jelent\u00e9se \u201eh\u00f3d\u00edt\u00f3\u201d, illetve \u201egy\u0151ztes\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote77sym\" name=\"sdfootnote77anc\"><sup>77<\/sup><\/a>, hiszen a v\u00e1rost II. Nagy K\u00fcrosz foglalta el (Kr.e. 559-530). Egy m\u00e1sik feltev\u00e9s szerint \u2013 t\u00e9vesen \u2013 I. Dareioszra gondolhatott a szerz\u0151 (Kr.e. 522-486), azonban a f\u00e9lre\u00e9rt\u00e9s onnan ad\u00f3dik, hogy Dareiosz idej\u00e9n ugyanabban az \u00e9vben k\u00e9t felkel\u00e9s is kirobbant, ahol a l\u00e1zad\u00f3k vezet\u0151i Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id fiainak adt\u00e1k ki magukat. A babiloni l\u00e1zad\u00e1st Dareiosz gyorsan leverte, a felkel\u0151k vezet\u0151it kiv\u00e9geztette, akik k\u00f6z\u00fcl az egyiket Nab\u00fb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-kudurri-uszur<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ak h\u00edvt\u00e1k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote78sym\" name=\"sdfootnote78anc\"><sup>78<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 661px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/45\/Cyrus_invasion_of_Babylonia.svg\/661px-Cyrus_invasion_of_Babylonia.svg.png\" alt=\"File:Cyrus invasion of Babylonia.svg\" width=\"661\" height=\"580\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">K\u00fcr\u00f6sz babiloni hadj\u00e1rat\u00e1nak \u00fatvonala (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cyrus_invasion_of_Babylonia.svg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A perzs\u00e1k Nab\u00fb-na\u2019idot k\u00e9s\u0151bb elfogt\u00e1k \u00e9s Xenoph\u00f3n szerint meg\u00f6lt\u00e9k. K\u00fcrosz bevonul\u00e1sakor megtiltotta katon\u00e1inak a fosztogat\u00e1st, \u00e9rintetlen\u00fcl hagyva a vall\u00e1si \u00e9s korm\u00e1nyzati \u00e9p\u00fcleteket.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote79sym\" name=\"sdfootnote79anc\"><sup>79<\/sup><\/a> M\u00e1s forr\u00e1sok szerint Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id fogs\u00e1gba esett, akivel K\u00fcrosz nagylelk\u0171en b\u00e1nt. Amikor Kr.e. 538-ban elhunyt, \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos gy\u00e1szt rendeltek el.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote80sym\" name=\"sdfootnote80anc\"><sup>80<\/sup><\/a> Maga a v\u00e1ros okt\u00f3ber 12-\u00e9n esett el Ugbaru (Gobryas) vezet\u00e9s\u00e9vel, maga a perzsa nagykir\u00e1ly viszont csak okt\u00f3ber 29-\u00e9n vonult be a v\u00e1rosba. A Babiloni Kr\u00f3nika \u00e9s K\u00fcrosz felirata szerint a v\u00e1rost harc n\u00e9lk\u00fcl szerezt\u00e9k meg, \u00e9s a perzsa nem h\u00f3d\u00edt\u00f3k\u00e9nt, hanem szabad\u00edt\u00f3k\u00e9nt jelent meg.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote81sym\" name=\"sdfootnote81anc\"><sup>81<\/sup><\/a> K\u00fcrosz \u2013 j\u00f3 politikusi v\u00e9n\u00e1r\u00f3l t\u00e9ve tan\u00fabizonys\u00e1got \u2013 kihaszn\u00e1lta ellenfele n\u00e9pszer\u0171tlens\u00e9g\u00e9t, amelyet a Marduk-paps\u00e1g \u00e9s alattval\u00f3i k\u00f6r\u00e9ben kiv\u00edvott. A szabad\u00edt\u00f3 szerepk\u00f6r\u00e9ben tetszelgett \u00e9s ehhez felhaszn\u00e1lta a propagand\u00e1t is.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote82sym\" name=\"sdfootnote82anc\"><sup>82<\/sup><\/a> A v\u00e1rosoknak visszak\u00fcldte azokat a szobrokat, amelyeket Nab\u00fb-na\u2019id vitetett Babilonba.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote83sym\" name=\"sdfootnote83anc\"><sup>83<\/sup><\/a> \u00dajra fellend\u00edtette a v\u00e1ros gazdas\u00e1gi \u00e9let\u00e9t \u00e9s birodalma egyik f\u0151v\u00e1ros\u00e1v\u00e1 tette. Ezut\u00e1n a perzsa kir\u00e1lyok minden \u00e9vben n\u00e9h\u00e1ny h\u00f3napot Babilonban t\u00f6lt\u00f6ttek.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote84sym\" name=\"sdfootnote84anc\"><sup>84<\/sup><\/a> A gy\u0151zelem ut\u00e1n a nagykir\u00e1ly enged\u00e9lyezte a zsid\u00f3k visszatelep\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9t Palesztin\u00e1ba, s v\u00e9g\u00fcl a jeruzs\u00e1lemi templom \u00e9s a v\u00e1rosfalak \u00fajj\u00e1\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9se is befejez\u0151d\u00f6tt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote85sym\" name=\"sdfootnote85anc\"><sup>85<\/sup><\/a> Ehhez a perzsa kir\u00e1lyi kincst\u00e1r ny\u00fajtott t\u00e1mogat\u00e1st, emellett visszaadt\u00e1k a kor\u00e1bban elvett templomi kincseket is.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote86sym\" name=\"sdfootnote86anc\"><sup>86<\/sup><\/a> B\u00e1r abb\u00f3l a kincst\u00e1rb\u00f3l nem is volt neh\u00e9z, mivel Babilon \u2013 a birodalom kilencedik szatr\u00e1pi\u00e1ja \u2013 \u00e9vente ezer talentum ez\u00fcsttel (kb. 30 tonna!) t\u00f6lt\u00f6tte meg.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote87sym\" name=\"sdfootnote87anc\"><sup>87<\/sup><\/a> Emellett n\u00e9gy h\u00f3napig gondoskodott a nagykir\u00e1ly sereg\u00e9nek ell\u00e1t\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l is.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote88sym\" name=\"sdfootnote88anc\"><sup>88<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hogy jelent-e meg \u00edr\u00e1s a falon, nem tudhatjuk, de azt igen, hogy a perzs\u00e1k val\u00f3ban elfoglalt\u00e1k Babilont \u2013 mindenf\u00e9le puszt\u00edt\u00e1s, rombol\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl, amit a r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti felt\u00e1r\u00e1sok is bizony\u00edtottak \u2013 \u00e9s t\u00f6bb, mint k\u00e9tsz\u00e1z \u00e9vig az Achaimenida perzsa birodalom volt a meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 er\u0151 Mezopot\u00e1mia t\u00e9rs\u00e9g\u00e9ben, m\u00edgnem a maked\u00f3n III. Alexandrosz le nem gy\u0151zte, \u00e9s katon\u00e1i \u00e9l\u00e9n Babilonba bevonulva egy \u00fajabb szabad\u00edt\u00f3t ismerhetett meg a v\u00e1ros.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><strong>K\u00f6sz\u00f6net T\u00f6lgyesi Katalinnak az inspir\u00e1ci\u00f3\u00e9rt \u00e9s Fodor Albertnek a szakmai seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9rt.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>A nyit\u00f3k\u00e9pen Rembrandt 1634 \u00e9s 1639 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt k\u00e9sz\u00fclt festm\u00e9nye a falon megjelen\u0151 \u00edr\u00e1sr\u00f3l. (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Belshazzar%E2%80%99s_feast,_by_Rembrandt.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><div class='code-block code-block-3' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- baszad\u00e9k -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7992097991\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote56sym\" name=\"sdfootnote56anc\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Az NTF T\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9sz M\u0171hely ingyenesen teszi mindenki sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra el\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 tudom\u00e1nyos eredm\u00e9nyeit, ingyenesen bocs\u00e1tja rendelkez\u00e9sre ismeretterjeszt\u0151 cikkeit. A szerkeszt\u00e9s, t\u00f6rdel\u00e9s \u00e9s a honlap fenntart\u00e1sa azonban nek\u00fcnk is p\u00e9nzbe ker\u00fcl, k\u00e9rj\u00fck, adom\u00e1ny\u00e1val t\u00e1mogassa \u00fcgy\u00fcnket, hogy a j\u00f6v\u0151ben is el\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 tegy\u00fck cikkeinket olvas\u00f3ink sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Sz\u00edves t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sukat <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/ntf_hu\">Patreon oldalunkon (link)\u00a0<\/a><\/span>v\u00e1rjuk.<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Jegyzetek:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">1<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> B\u0151vebben: Biblia, D\u00e1niel k\u00f6nyve 5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote2\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote2anc\" name=\"sdfootnote2sym\">2<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Wallace 1998 13<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote3anc\" name=\"sdfootnote3sym\">3<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Wallace 1998 14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote4\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote4anc\" name=\"sdfootnote4sym\">4<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Wallace 1998 18<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote5\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote5anc\" name=\"sdfootnote5sym\">5<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Biblia-tanulm\u00e1nyok 2004 25<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote6\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote6anc\" name=\"sdfootnote6sym\">6<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Biblia-tanulm\u00e1nyok 2004 26<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote7\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote7anc\" name=\"sdfootnote7sym\">7<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">Komor\u00f3czy 1998 46-48<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote8\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote8anc\" name=\"sdfootnote8sym\">8<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kl\u00edma 1983 96-97<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote9\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote9anc\" name=\"sdfootnote9sym\">9<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 46-48<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote10\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote10anc\" name=\"sdfootnote10sym\">10<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kl\u00edma 1983 97<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote11\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote11anc\" name=\"sdfootnote11sym\">11<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 50-51<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote12\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote12anc\" name=\"sdfootnote12sym\">12<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Girshman 1985 78<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote13\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote13anc\" name=\"sdfootnote13sym\">13<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 53<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote14\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote14anc\" name=\"sdfootnote14sym\">14<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Oates 2008 153<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote15\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote15anc\" name=\"sdfootnote15sym\">15<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">Komor\u00f3czy 1998 53<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote16\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote16anc\" name=\"sdfootnote16sym\">16<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">Kl\u00edma 1983 111<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote17\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote17anc\" name=\"sdfootnote17sym\">17<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 53<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote18\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote18anc\" name=\"sdfootnote18sym\">18<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Oates 2008 156-157<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote19\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote19anc\" name=\"sdfootnote19sym\">19<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Oates 2008 159<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote20\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote20anc\" name=\"sdfootnote20sym\">20<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">Kl\u00edma 1983 152<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote21\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote21anc\" name=\"sdfootnote21sym\">21<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Harmatta 2003 181-186 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote22\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote22anc\" name=\"sdfootnote22sym\">22<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 54<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote23\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote23anc\" name=\"sdfootnote23sym\">23<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Oates 2008 160<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote24\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote24anc\" name=\"sdfootnote24sym\">24<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Hab\u00e1r Komor\u00f3czy G\u00e9za k\u00f6nyv\u00e9ben Assur-b\u00e1n-apli hal\u00e1la bizonytalan, \u00e9s a Kr.e. 631-626 k\u00f6z\u00f6tti id\u0151intervallumot adja meg (Komor\u00f3czy 1998 56), egyes \u00fajabb munk\u00e1k m\u00e1r Kr.e. 627-et jel\u00f6lik az uralkod\u00f3 hal\u00e1l\u00e1nak, ennek ellen\u00e9re \u00e9n V\u00e9r \u00c1d\u00e1m kronol\u00f3gi\u00e1j\u00e1t k\u00f6vetem az uralkod\u00e1sok tekintet\u00e9ben.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote25\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote25anc\" name=\"sdfootnote25sym\">25<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 53-54<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote26\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote26anc\" name=\"sdfootnote26sym\">26<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">Komor\u00f3czy 1998 55<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote27\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote27anc\" name=\"sdfootnote27sym\">27<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Oates 2008 162-163<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote28\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote28anc\" name=\"sdfootnote28sym\">28<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 55<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote29\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote29anc\" name=\"sdfootnote29sym\">29<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> V\u00e9r 2018 132-133<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote30\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote30anc\" name=\"sdfootnote30sym\">30<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> V\u00e9r 2018 133-134<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote31\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote31anc\" name=\"sdfootnote31sym\">31<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> V\u00e9r 2018 135<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote32\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote32anc\" name=\"sdfootnote32sym\">32<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 55<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote33\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote33anc\" name=\"sdfootnote33sym\">33<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 56<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote34\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote34anc\" name=\"sdfootnote34sym\">34<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Oates 2008 167<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote35\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote35anc\" name=\"sdfootnote35sym\">35<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 56<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote36\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote36anc\" name=\"sdfootnote36sym\">36<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 57<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote37\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote37anc\" name=\"sdfootnote37sym\">37<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Harmatta 2003 236-237<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote38\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote38anc\" name=\"sdfootnote38sym\">38<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 58<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote39\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote39anc\" name=\"sdfootnote39sym\">39<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Oates 2008 169<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote40\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote40anc\" name=\"sdfootnote40sym\">40<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 58<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote41\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote41anc\" name=\"sdfootnote41sym\">41<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Oates 2008 169-170<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote42\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote42anc\" name=\"sdfootnote42sym\">42<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Oates 2008 170<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote43\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote43anc\" name=\"sdfootnote43sym\">43<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> K\u00e9tsz\u00e1z\u00f6tven \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb a maked\u00f3n III. Alexandrosznak ez nyolc h\u00f3napig tartott. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote44\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote44anc\" name=\"sdfootnote44sym\">44<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 58<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote45\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote45anc\" name=\"sdfootnote45sym\">45<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">Komor\u00f3czy 1998 59<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote46\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote46anc\" name=\"sdfootnote46sym\">46<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">Kl\u00edma 1983 119<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote47\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote47anc\" name=\"sdfootnote47sym\">47<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 59<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote48\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote48anc\" name=\"sdfootnote48sym\">48<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 61<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote49\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote49anc\" name=\"sdfootnote49sym\">49<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Girshman 1985 110-111<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote50\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote50anc\" name=\"sdfootnote50sym\">50<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">Komor\u00f3czy 1998 62<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote51\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote51anc\" name=\"sdfootnote51sym\">51<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Girshman 1985 111<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote52\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote52anc\" name=\"sdfootnote52sym\">52<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> A t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelemtudom\u00e1ny m\u00e1ig nem tal\u00e1lt erre teljesen elfogadhat\u00f3 magyar\u00e1zatot.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote53\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote53anc\" name=\"sdfootnote53sym\">53<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Wallace 1998 88<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote54\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote54anc\" name=\"sdfootnote54sym\">54<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 62<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote55\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote55anc\" name=\"sdfootnote55sym\">55<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 56<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote56\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote56anc\" name=\"sdfootnote56sym\">56<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Oates 2008 174<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote57\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote57anc\" name=\"sdfootnote57sym\">57<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Komor\u00f3czy 1998 63<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote58\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote58anc\" name=\"sdfootnote58sym\">58<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> The Anchor Bible 1978 183<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote59\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote59anc\" name=\"sdfootnote59sym\">59<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 56<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote60\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote60anc\" name=\"sdfootnote60sym\">60<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> H\u00e9rodotosz 1. 178-181<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote61\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote61anc\" name=\"sdfootnote61sym\">61<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 57<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote62\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote62anc\" name=\"sdfootnote62sym\">62<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> K\u00e1lvin 199<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote63\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote63anc\" name=\"sdfootnote63sym\">63<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 57<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote64\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote64anc\" name=\"sdfootnote64sym\">64<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 58<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote65\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote65anc\" name=\"sdfootnote65sym\">65<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 59<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote66\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote66anc\" name=\"sdfootnote66sym\">66<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> The Anchor Bible 1978 184<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote67\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote67anc\" name=\"sdfootnote67sym\">67<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> The Anchor Bible 1978 188<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote68\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote68anc\" name=\"sdfootnote68sym\">68<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 61<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote69\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote69anc\" name=\"sdfootnote69sym\">69<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 62<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote70\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote70anc\" name=\"sdfootnote70sym\">70<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> A mina \u00f3kori m\u00e9rt\u00e9kegys\u00e9g, kb. 570 grammnak felel meg. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote71\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote71anc\" name=\"sdfootnote71sym\">71<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 63<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote72\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote72anc\" name=\"sdfootnote72sym\">72<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> D. Polaski 2004 657<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote73\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote73anc\" name=\"sdfootnote73sym\">73<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 63<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote74\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote74anc\" name=\"sdfootnote74sym\">74<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Dewayne and Mary Dulaney 2017<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote75\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote75anc\" name=\"sdfootnote75sym\">75<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">Tatford 1990 64<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote76\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote76anc\" name=\"sdfootnote76sym\">76<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> H\u00e9rodotosz 1. 191<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote77\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote77anc\" name=\"sdfootnote77sym\">77<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Tatford 1990 65<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote78\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote78anc\" name=\"sdfootnote78sym\">78<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> The Anchor Bible 1978 36<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote79\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote79anc\" name=\"sdfootnote79sym\">79<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> Oates 2008 178<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote80\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote80anc\" name=\"sdfootnote80sym\">80<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> Girshman 1985 113<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote81\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote81anc\" name=\"sdfootnote81sym\">81<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> D. Vanderhooft 2006 353<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote82\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote82anc\" name=\"sdfootnote82sym\">82<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> E. Haerinck 1997 27<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote83\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote83anc\" name=\"sdfootnote83sym\">83<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> E. Haerinck 1997 26<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote84\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote84anc\" name=\"sdfootnote84sym\">84<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> E. Haerinck 1997 27<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote85\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote85anc\" name=\"sdfootnote85sym\">85<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Wallace 1998 10<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote86\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote86anc\" name=\"sdfootnote86sym\">86<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> The Anchor Bible 1978 37<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote87\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote87anc\" name=\"sdfootnote87sym\">87<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> E. Haerinck 1997 27<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote88\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote88anc\" name=\"sdfootnote88sym\">88<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> H\u00e9rodotosz 1. 192<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Felhaszn\u00e1lt forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s szakirodalom:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Biblia<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">H\u00e9rodotosz = H\u00e9rodotosz: A g\u00f6r\u00f6g-perzsa h\u00e1bor\u00fa. Osiris Kiad\u00f3 Budapest, 2000<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">K\u00e1lvin = K\u00e1lvin J\u00e1nos: Magyar\u00e1zat D\u00e1niel pr\u00f3f\u00e9ta k\u00f6nyv\u00e9hez. Ford\u00edtotta Szab\u00f3 Mikl\u00f3s, Budapest 2012 197-223. old. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Anchor Bible 1978 = The Anchor Bible \u2013 The Book of Daniel. Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., New York, 1978<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kl\u00edma 1983 = Josef Kl\u00edma: Mezopot\u00e1mia \u2013 \u0150si civiliz\u00e1ci\u00f3 \u00e9s kult\u00fara a Tigris \u00e9s az Eufrat\u00e9sz ment\u00e9n. Gondolat K\u00f6nyvkiad\u00f3, Budapest, 1983<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Girshman 1985 = Roman Girshman: Az \u00f3kori Ir\u00e1n \u2013 M\u00e9dek, perzs\u00e1k, p\u00e1rthusok. Gondolat K\u00f6nyvkiad\u00f3, Budapest, 1985<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Tatford 1990 = Frederick A. Tatford: D\u00e1niel. Evang\u00e9liumi Kiad\u00f3, Budapest, 1990 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">E. Haerinck 1997 = E. Haerinck: Babylonia under Achaemenid Rule. University of Gent, Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press, 1997.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Komor\u00f3czy 1998 = Komor\u00f3czy G\u00e9za: <a href=\"https:\/\/terebess.hu\/keletkultinfo\/mezopotamia.html\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Mezopot\u00e1mia t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete az \u0151skort\u00f3l a perzsa h\u00f3d\u00edt\u00e1sig <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Wallace 1998 = Roland S. Wallace: D\u00e1niel k\u00f6nyve \u2013 A n\u00e9pek ura. Harmat Kiad\u00f3, Budapest, 1998<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Harmatta 2003 = \u00d3kori keleti t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti chrestomathia. Szerkesztette: Harmatta J\u00e1nos. Osiris Kiad\u00f3, Budapest, 2003<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Biblia-tanulm\u00e1nyok 2004 = Biblia-tanulm\u00e1nyok 2004\/4. I. r\u00e9sz, D\u00e1niel k\u00f6nyve. Bibliaiskol\u00e1k k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9ge, Budapest, 2004<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">D. Polaski 2004 = Donald C. Polaski: Mene, Mene, Tekel, Parsin: Writing and Resistance in Daniel 5 and 6. In Journal of Biblical Literature 2004<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">D. Vanderhooft 2006 = David Vanderhoft: Cyrus II, Liberator or Conqueror? Ancient Historiography concering Cyrus in Babylon. In book: Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period, 2006<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0563c1;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Oates 2008 = Joan Oates: Babilon. General Press Kiad\u00f3, Budapest, 2008<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dewayne and Mary Dulaney 2017 = Dewayne and Mary Dulaney: <a href=\"http:\\\\letancientvoicesspeak.wordpress.com\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Let Ancient Voices Speak 2017.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">V\u00e9r 2018 = V\u00e9r \u00c1d\u00e1m: Az \u00dajassz\u00edr Birodalom keleti tartom\u00e1nyai. P\u00e9csi Tudom\u00e1nyegyetem, \u00d3kort\u00f6rt\u00e9neti Tansz\u00e9k \u2013 L\u2019Harmattan, P\u00e9cs \u2013 Budapest, 2018.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00f3th Gergely L\u00e1szl\u00f3 A t\u00f6rt\u00e9net szerint B\u00e9lsaccar kir\u00e1ly nagy lakom\u00e1t rendezett, \u00e9s boroz\u00e1s k\u00f6zben megparancsolta, hozz\u00e1k el\u0151 azokat az arany \u00e9s ez\u00fcst ed\u00e9nyeket, amiket az \u0151 atyja, Nabukodonozor vitetett el a jeruzs\u00e1lemi templomb\u00f3l. Ezut\u00e1n a vend\u00e9gekkel ezekb\u0151l az ed\u00e9nyekb\u0151l ittak, mik\u00f6zben isteneiket dics\u00e9rt\u00e9k. Egyszerre egy emberi k\u00e9z jelent meg, \u00e9s a palota fal\u00e1ra \u00edrt, ezut\u00e1n elt\u0171nt. A kir\u00e1ly megrettent, s mag\u00e1hoz rendelte a var\u00e1zsl\u00f3kat, a csillagj\u00f3sokat \u00e9s j\u00f6vend\u00f6l\u0151ket, kihirdetve, aki el tudja olvasni a falra \u00edrt sz\u00f6veget, b\u00edborba \u00f6lt\u00f6zteti, aranyl\u00e1ncot kap, s harmadik lesz az orsz\u00e1gban. A b\u00f6lcsek mind tan\u00e1cstalanok&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":15212,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,223],"tags":[1671,1670,1668,1674,1672,1669,1673],"class_list":["post-15211","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egyeb","category-okor","tag-assziria","tag-babilon","tag-biblia","tag-daniel-profeta","tag-ii-kurosz","tag-mezopotamia","tag-nabu-naid"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15211","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15211"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15211\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15215,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15211\/revisions\/15215"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15211"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15211"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15211"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}