{"id":14184,"date":"2020-11-20T05:04:09","date_gmt":"2020-11-20T05:04:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/?p=14184"},"modified":"2020-11-20T08:14:59","modified_gmt":"2020-11-20T08:14:59","slug":"embert-tollarol-a-disztollak-szerepe-a-kora-ujkori-magyarorszagon-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/2020\/11\/20\/embert-tollarol-a-disztollak-szerepe-a-kora-ujkori-magyarorszagon-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Embert toll\u00e1r\u00f3l &#8211; A d\u00edsztollak szerepe a kora \u00fajkori Magyarorsz\u00e1gon I."},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"center\"><em>L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Andor<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">A mad\u00e1rtollakat fejd\u00edszk\u00e9nt m\u00e1r az \u00f3kori ember is el\u0151szeretettel haszn\u00e1lta. E szok\u00e1sban felfedezhetj\u00fck ak\u00e1r <em>\u201ea m\u0171v\u00e9szet v\u00e1ltozatos \u00e9s isteni besz\u00e9d\u00e9nek\u201d<\/em> egyik els\u0151 dadog\u00e1s\u00e1t is.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> Emellett amulettk\u00e9nt is alkalmazt\u00e1k, mely meg\u00f3vja visel\u0151j\u00e9t a kimer\u00fclts\u00e9gt\u0151l: az egyiptomiak p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul nemcsak magukat, lovaikat is \u00e9kes\u00edtett\u00e9k a strucctollakkal,<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote2sym\" name=\"sdfootnote2anc\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> melyeket k\u00e9s\u0151bb a k\u00f6z\u00e9pkorban Eur\u00f3pa-szerte hordtak. N\u00e1lunk e szok\u00e1s az \u0151si totemkultuszban gy\u00f6kerezhet.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\" name=\"sdfootnote3anc\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> Eleink val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg m\u00e1r a honfoglal\u00e1s idej\u00e9n viseltek tollat, amit megfigyelhet\u00fcnk az egyik nagyszentmikl\u00f3si aranykors\u00f3n. A strucctollat l\u00e1thatjuk a legr\u00e9gebbi (1500 k\u00f6r\u00fcli) husz\u00e1r-\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1son csak\u00fagy, mint egy korabeli c\u00edmeren. <span lang=\"tr-TR\">A tolld\u00edsz \u00e9vsz\u00e1zadokon kereszt\u00fcl szinte \u00e1lland\u00f3 eleme a katona\u00f6lt\u00f6z\u00e9knek, tal\u00e1n ennek k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151 t\u00e9rh\u00f3d\u00edt\u00e1sa a <\/span>f\u0151urak k\u00f6r\u00e9ben, akik a t\u00f6r\u00f6k h\u00f3dolts\u00e1g kor\u00e1ban gyakran maguk is r\u00e9szt vettek a harcokban.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><div class='code-block code-block-1' style='text-align: center; margin: 13px auto;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- oldalhirdet\u00e9s -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"5518896799\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adtplus.arcanum.hu\/hu\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4560\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/adt-logo-hu-350.655280d015fe.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/adt-logo-hu-350.655280d015fe.png 350w, https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/adt-logo-hu-350.655280d015fe-300x51.png 300w\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"60\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>A cikk a Napi T\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi Forr\u00e1s \u00e9s az <a href=\"https:\/\/adtplus.arcanum.hu\/hu\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Arcanum Digit\u00e1lis Tudom\u00e1nyt\u00e1r<\/span><\/a> egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9ben k\u00e9sz\u00fclt<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/A_jug_with_golden_medallions.jpg\/400px-A_jug_with_golden_medallions.jpg\" alt=\"File:A jug with golden medallions.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"599\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nagyszentmikl\u00f3si kincs egyik kors\u00f3ja, tolld\u00edszes sisakos lovassal 8-10. sz\u00e1zad. (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:A_jug_with_golden_medallions.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">A kit\u0171n\u0151 megfigyel\u0151, Miksz\u00e1th fant\u00e1zi\u00e1j\u00e1t is megmozgatta a tollhord\u00e1s divatja: <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>\u201ea strucctollak helyett a <a href=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/2020\/06\/02\/darutartas-hajdanaban\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">darutoll j\u00f6tt \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos haszn\u00e1latba<\/span><\/a>, m\u00e9gpedig a csalma (hossz\u00fak\u00e1s s\u00fcveg) h\u00e1tuls\u00f3 r\u00e9sz\u00e9be sz\u00farva. Egy kis szel\u00edd talpnyal\u00e1s az eg\u00e9sz. A megboldogult Hunyadi J\u00e1nos viselte \u00edgy.\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote4sym\" name=\"sdfootnote4anc\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a> <\/em><\/span>Az \u00edr\u00f3 az egykori korm\u00e1nyz\u00f3nak a Thur\u00f3czy kr\u00f3nik\u00e1ban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 k\u00e9p\u00e9re utal, \u00e9s azt is helyesen tudja, hogy a 16. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l elterjedtek a <a href=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/2019\/08\/27\/darvak-a-csatateren\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">daru-<\/span><\/a>, k\u00f3csag-, g\u00e9m-, sas- (r\u00e1r\u00f3)- \u00e9s s\u00f3lyom- (kerecsen) tollak.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote5sym\" name=\"sdfootnote5anc\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> Ezeket t\u00f6bbf\u00e9le er\u00e9nnyel k\u00f6thett\u00e9k \u00f6ssze. A ragadoz\u00f3madarak tolla sebess\u00e9g\u00fckre eml\u00e9keztetett: nem sz\u00e9ps\u00e9g\u00fck miatt, <em>\u201ehanem a gyorsas\u00e1gnak jel\u00e9re viselik; valamint a s\u00f3lyom, amely mihelyt megl\u00e1tja a pr\u00e9d\u00e1t, nem k\u00e9sik, hanem mint a s\u00fcv\u00f6lt\u0151 sz\u00e9l sz\u00e1ll re\u00e1, \u00fagy sz\u00fcks\u00e9g a vit\u00e9znek, mihelyt megf\u00e1radott az okoss\u00e1gban a sz\u00e1nd\u00e9k, mint a s\u00f3lyomnak, menni az ellens\u00e9gre.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote6sym\" name=\"sdfootnote6anc\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a> Balassi B\u00e1lintn\u00e1l a vit\u00e9zek <em>\u201e<span lang=\"tr-TR\">mint j\u00f3 r\u00e1r\u00f3k, mez\u0151n sz\u00e9llyel j\u00e1r\u00f3k,\/ vagdalkoznak, futtatnak<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"tr-TR\">.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/em><span lang=\"tr-TR\"><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote7sym\" name=\"sdfootnote7anc\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">A darutoll a katon\u00e1k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra ugyancsak fontos tulajdons\u00e1gra, az \u00e9bers\u00e9gre eml\u00e9keztetett p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Zr\u00ednyi Mikl\u00f3sn\u00e1l: <em>\u201ev\u00e9gy p\u00e9ld\u00e1t az darvakr\u00f3l \u00e9s a vadludakr\u00f3l, nem t\u00e9szik sz\u00e1rnyok al\u00e1 fejeket, \u00e9s nem alusznak m\u00edg istr\u00e1zs\u00e1t ki<span lang=\"tr-TR\"> nem \u00e1ll\u00edtnak; gondold meg, hogy az ellens\u00e9g is nem alszik, hanem vigy\u00e1z.\u201d<\/span><\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote8sym\" name=\"sdfootnote8anc\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><span lang=\"tr-TR\"> A kor m\u00e1sik nagy k\u00f6lt\u0151je Gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6si Istv\u00e1n mindezt versben is elmondja: <\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>\u201e<span lang=\"tr-TR\">P\u00e1rduc-b\u0151r a h\u00e1t\u00e1n, tollas bot kez\u00e9ben,\/ H\u00e1rom sz\u00e1ll darutoll str\u00e1zs\u00e1l s\u00fcveg\u00e9ben\u201d vagy: <\/span>\u201e<span lang=\"tr-TR\">K\u00e9t vigy\u00e1z\u00f3 daru str\u00e1zs\u00e1llja s\u00fcveg\u00e9t,\/ Akikkel tollazta feje g\u00f6mb\u00f6lys\u00e9g\u00e9t.\u201d<\/span><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote9sym\" name=\"sdfootnote9anc\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<figure style=\"width: 288px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/99\/John_Hunyadi_%28Chronica_Hungarorum%29.jpg\/526px-John_Hunyadi_%28Chronica_Hungarorum%29.jpg\" alt=\"File:John Hunyadi (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg\" width=\"288\" height=\"328\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hunyadi J\u00e1nos a Thur\u00f3czy-kr\u00f3nik\u00e1ban (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:John_Hunyadi_(Chronica_Hungarorum).jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">A tollak hord\u00e1s\u00e1t k\u00fcl\u00f6nf\u00e9le tokok seg\u00edtett\u00e9k. <span lang=\"tr-TR\">Aki megengedhette mag\u00e1nak, d\u00edszes foglalatot: pajzs vagy k\u00f6r alak\u00fa forg\u00f3t k\u00e9sz\u00edttetett, <\/span>amelybe gyakran nem is t\u0171ztek tollat, azokat mozgathat\u00f3 vagy r\u00f6gz\u00edtett d\u00edszes lemezekkel, zom\u00e1ncos \u00e9kk\u00f6ves \u00e1gakkal helyettes\u00edtett\u00e9k. Ennek korai p\u00e9ld\u00e1j\u00e1t l\u00e1thatjuk Corvin J\u00e1nos 1486-ban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt portr\u00e9j\u00e1n. Hasonl\u00f3 rendeltet\u00e9s\u0171 \u00e9kszer a kerek vagy ov\u00e1lis alak\u00fa med\u00e1ly.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote10sym\" name=\"sdfootnote10anc\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a> A f\u0151urak eg\u00e9sz vagyonokat fizettek egy-egy dr\u00e1gak\u00f6vekkel gazdagon bor\u00edtott, ez\u00fcstb\u0151l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt vagy \u00e9ppen aranyozott darab\u00e9rt. Hallunk <em>\u201etiszta arany zom\u00e1ncos, a k\u00f6zep\u00e9n egy sz\u00e9p \u00f6reg zaf\u00edr, tizenh\u00e1rom rubinttal rakott\u201d<\/em> forg\u00f3r\u00f3l, <a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote11sym\" name=\"sdfootnote11anc\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a> vagy olyanr\u00f3l, melyet 225 rubint \u00e9s 48 arany d\u00edsz\u00edtett.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote12sym\" name=\"sdfootnote12anc\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a> Mindez nem csek\u00e9ly s\u00faly\u00fa lehetett, amire egy korabeli vers is utal: <em>\u201eT\u00edz font (azaz k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 5 kg) az tolltokja terhes\u00fclt fej\u00e9nek\u201d<\/em>.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote13sym\" name=\"sdfootnote13anc\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<figure style=\"width: 331px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7d\/Baldassare_Estense_004.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"331\" height=\"445\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baldassare Estense A fiatal Corvin J\u00e1nos (1486); a forg\u00f3 a k\u00e9p bal oldal\u00e1n l\u00e1that\u00f3: gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s keretel\u00e9s\u0171, dr\u00e1gak\u00f6ves tollforma, alj\u00e1n a r\u00f6gz\u00edt\u00e9sre szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 t\u0171vel (<a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7d\/Baldassare_Estense_004.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">Nem csod\u00e1lkozhatunk rajta, hogy a tollak, forg\u00f3k a \u201epiper\u00e9s\u201d \u00f6lt\u00f6zet elmaradhatatlan r\u00e9szek\u00e9nt a rang vagy ak\u00e1r a f\u00e9ny\u0171z\u00e9s, hivalkod\u00e1s jeleiv\u00e9 v\u00e1lhattak. B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor gyilkosai az \u00faj fejedelemt\u0151l (Bethlen G\u00e1bort\u00f3l) bocs\u00e1natot, s\u0151t jutalmat rem\u00e9lve <em>\u201eaz orsz\u00e1ggy\u0171l\u00e9sre nagy tollasan, dali\u00e1n bementek.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote14sym\" name=\"sdfootnote14anc\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a> Zr\u00ednyi Mikl\u00f3s (aki kor\u00e1bban \u00fagy tartja: a toll meg\u00e9kes\u00edti az embert) im\u00edgyen korholja kora ifjait: <em>\u201eegy forg\u00f3val, egy varrott l\u00f3dinggal pipeskednek &#8230;semmi j\u00f3t nem k\u00f6vetnek.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote15sym\" name=\"sdfootnote15anc\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a> Az erd\u00e9lyi esk\u00fcv\u0151k\u00f6n a v\u0151leg\u00e9ny j\u00f3kora sastollas forg\u00f3kkal vett r\u00e9szt, \u00e9s <em>\u201eaddig az h\u00e1l\u00f3helyig rendszer\u00e9nt szersz\u00e1mos parip\u00e1n s tollason j\u00f6tt\u201d<\/em>, a n\u00e1szn\u00e9p k\u00f6zt <em>\u201eaz ifiak mindink\u00e1bb forg\u00f3sak voltak\u201d<\/em>, a n\u00e1sznagy hint\u00f3ja el\u0151tt men\u0151k a p\u00e1rduc- vagy tigrisb\u0151r mellett daru- esetleg kerecsentoll forg\u00f3t viseltek, m\u00e9g a szolg\u00e1k k\u00f6zt is sokan hordt\u00e1k. A fejedelem asztalnoka <em>\u201eszersz\u00e1mos parip\u00e1n \u00fclv\u00e9n, hol r\u00e1r\u00f3toll forg\u00f3son, hol darutoll, h\u00e1rom sz\u00e1l l\u00e9v\u00e9n med\u00e1lyban foglalva az s\u00fcvegiben, \u00fagy vitette az \u00e9tket.\u201d<\/em> Az \u00e9tekfog\u00f3k, a f\u0151 lov\u00e1szmester, a vicelov\u00e1szmester, \u00e9s m\u00e9g sz\u00e1mos <em>\u201ef\u0151ember-szolga\u201d<\/em> szint\u00e9n forg\u00f3san l\u00e1tt\u00e1k el feladataikat az udvarban.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote16sym\" name=\"sdfootnote16anc\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a> Mikor egy csal\u00f3 K\u00e1rolyi S\u00e1ndor elhunyt \u00f6ccs\u00e9nek adta ki mag\u00e1t, a gr\u00f3f a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151k\u00e9ppen panaszkodott: <em>\u201efelparip\u00e1ztam, forgos\u00edtottam, p\u00e1rduc b\u0151r\u00f6s\u00edtettem, egy sz\u00f3val \u00fari m\u00f3don j\u00e1rtattam.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote17sym\" name=\"sdfootnote17anc\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a> A K\u00e1rolyi nev\u00e9hez f\u0171z\u0151d\u0151 szatm\u00e1ri b\u00e9k\u00e9t k\u00f6vet\u0151en a R\u00e1k\u00f3czihoz csatlakoz\u00f3 jobb\u00e1gyok is letett\u00e9k <em>\u201ea forg\u00f3t \u00e9s farkasb\u0151rt\u201d<\/em>, visszavett\u00e9k a zek\u00e9t \u00e9s a bocskort, \u201emert nem diszn\u00f3 orr\u00e1ban val\u00f3 az aranyperec\u201d \u2013 ahogyan egy rosszm\u00e1j\u00fa kort\u00e1rs fogalmaz.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote18sym\" name=\"sdfootnote18anc\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">Heltai G\u00e1sp\u00e1r ford\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ban a 16. sz\u00e1zad m\u00e1sodik fel\u00e9t\u0151l sz\u00e9les k\u00f6rben ismert Ezopusz 28. fabul\u00e1ja, melyben a holl\u00f3 p\u00e1vatollakkal b\u00fcszk\u00e9lkedik. Egy reform\u00e1tus pr\u00e9dik\u00e1tor \u00fagy veszi \u00e1t a t\u00f6rt\u00e9netet, hogy <em>\u201el\u00fadk\u00e9nt nem l\u00fcn m\u00f3dod a darutollban val\u00f3 piper\u00e9ben\u201d<\/em><i>. <\/i><span lang=\"da-DK\">E mes\u00e9b\u0151l alakult ki az ismert sz\u00f3l\u00e1s: idegen tollakkal \u00e9keskedni.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote19sym\" name=\"sdfootnote19anc\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a> A darutollakr\u00f3l k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen sokat hallunk, ahogyan az Erd\u00e9ly <\/span>\u201e<span lang=\"tr-TR\">r\u00e9gi, egy\u00fcgy\u0171 al\u00e1zatos idej\u00e9t\u201d a 17. sz\u00e1zad els\u0151 fel\u00e9ben feleleven\u00edt\u0151 Apor P\u00e9ter \u00edrja: sz\u00e1mos egy\u00e9b toll mellett <\/span><em>\u201e<span lang=\"tr-TR\">mindenekfelett gy\u00f6ny\u00f6r\u0171s\u00e9ges volt, mikor h\u00e1rom sz\u00e1l darutollat k\u00f6ves med\u00e1lyban rakva tettek az ifjak s\u00fcvegekben<\/span><span lang=\"tr-TR\">.<\/span><span lang=\"tr-TR\">\u201d<\/span><\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote20sym\" name=\"sdfootnote20anc\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static-cdn.arcanum.hu\/nfo-resources\/magyarviseletek_pic\/magyarviseletek\/s020-1.bmp\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"318\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magyar sisakok a XVI\u2013XVII. sz\u00e1zadb\u00f3l (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcanum.hu\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/MagyarViseletek-magyar-viseletek-tortenete-2\/szines-tablak-magyarazata-12\/xx-tabla-magyar-sisakok-es-kardok-a-xvixvii-szazadbol-50\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Nemes Mih\u00e1ly &#8211; Nagy G\u00e9za: Magyar viseletek t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete, Franklin T\u00e1rsulat,, Budapest, 1900.<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 435px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/84\/Zr%C3%ADnyi_Mikl%C3%B3s_horv%C3%A1t_b%C3%A1n.jpg\/435px-Zr%C3%ADnyi_Mikl%C3%B3s_horv%C3%A1t_b%C3%A1n.jpg\" alt=\"File:Zr\u00ednyi Mikl\u00f3s horv\u00e1t b\u00e1n.jpg\" width=\"435\" height=\"599\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zr\u00ednyi Mikl\u00f3s, a szigetv\u00e1ri h\u0151s (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Zr%C3%ADnyi_Mikl%C3%B3s_horv%C3%A1t_b%C3%A1n.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 293px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/gyujtemeny.imm.hu\/files\/targyak\/medium\/be\/29\/2008_234_1-18_gel_1600.jpg?v=209210\" alt=\"\" width=\"293\" height=\"519\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">D\u00edsz\u00f6lt\u00f6zet, k\u00f3csagtollforg\u00f3s fejfed\u0151vel (<a href=\"https:\/\/gyujtemeny.imm.hu\/gyujtemeny\/diszmagyar\/50089\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Iparm\u0171v\u00e9szeti M\u00fazeum<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">Nem csup\u00e1n a forg\u00f3k \u00e9s med\u00e1lyok, maguk a tollak is nagy \u00e9rt\u00e9kkel b\u00edrtak, Bethlen G\u00e1bor egy k\u00f3csagtoll\u00e1t (hacsak nem forg\u00f3st\u00f3l) ezer aranyra becs\u00fclt\u00e9k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote21sym\" name=\"sdfootnote21anc\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/a> Tisztogatt\u00e1k, gondosan \u0151rizt\u00e9k \u0151ket, sz\u00e1lank\u00e9nt sz\u00e1mba vett\u00e9k az \u00f6ssze\u00edr\u00e1sok alkalm\u00e1val, v\u00e9grendeletekben is olvashatunk r\u00f3luk.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote22sym\" name=\"sdfootnote22anc\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a> Egy 1543-as testamentum szerz\u0151je a hagyom\u00e1nyozott tollr\u00f3l megjegyzi, hogy azt <em>\u201eaz \u00e9n uram \u00e9s szerelmes aty\u00e1mfia: Werb\u0151czy Imre\u201d<\/em> hagyta r\u00e1.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote23sym\" name=\"sdfootnote23anc\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a> Sz\u00e1mon tartott\u00e1k \u0151ket az ing\u00f3s\u00e1gok k\u00f6z\u00f6tt: egy<i> <\/i>1566-b\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 lelt\u00e1rban se t\u00f6bb se kevesebb, mint 124 darutollat jegyeztek fel,<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote24sym\" name=\"sdfootnote24anc\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a> Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre vagyont\u00e1rgyai k\u00f6zt is sz\u00e9p sz\u00e1mmal \u00edrtak \u00f6ssze.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote25sym\" name=\"sdfootnote25anc\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">Lakodalmak, keresztel\u0151k alkalm\u00e1val k\u00f6lcs\u00f6n\u00f6zt\u00e9k, de aj\u00e1nd\u00e9knak sem lehetett utols\u00f3. A 16. sz\u00e1zad k\u00f6zep\u00e9t\u0151l hallunk darutollk\u00fcld\u00e9sr\u0151l,<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote26sym\" name=\"sdfootnote26anc\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/a> \u00e9s -k\u00e9r\u00e9sr\u0151l: <em>\u201e<\/em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>megszolg\u00e1ln\u00e1m kegyelmednek, ha szerezhetne h\u00fasz vagy huszon\u00f6t sz\u00e1l sz\u00e9p feh\u00e9r darutollat.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote27sym\" name=\"sdfootnote27anc\"><sup>27<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><span lang=\"tr-TR\">Ez\u00e9rt is tartott\u00e1k nagy becsben a f\u0151\u00fari udvarokban tartott szel\u00edd madarakat: vigy\u00e1zni kellett r\u00e1juk, hogy a darv\u00e1sz <\/span><em>\u201e<\/em><span lang=\"tr-TR\"><em>tollukat meg ne t\u00f6rje.\u201d<\/em> N\u00e1dasdy Ferenc kapuv\u00e1ri tiszttart\u00f3ja \u00edgy \u00edr ur\u00e1nak 1572-ben: <\/span><em>\u201eK\u00fcldtem vala te nagys\u00e1godnak valami darutollakat, kiket nagys\u00e1god itt val\u00f3 darvai neveltek.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote28sym\" name=\"sdfootnote28anc\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/a> <em>\u201eHa valahun egy sz\u00e1l (ha kett\u0151 lehetne, ann\u00e1l jobban esn\u00e9k) daru tollat kaphatna kegyelmed, kegyelmednek megszolg\u00e1ln\u00e1m\u201d<\/em> \u2013 k\u00e9rik Teleki Mih\u00e1lyt Sz\u00e1szr\u00e9genb\u0151l 1661-ben.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote29sym\" name=\"sdfootnote29anc\"><sup>29<\/sup><\/a> Az orsz\u00e1g m\u00e1sik v\u00e9g\u00e9ben Batthy\u00e1ny \u00c1d\u00e1mhoz fordulnak, hogy <em>\u201eegy csoport darutollat, vagyis ink\u00e1bb az maga sz\u00e1l-darutoll\u00e1t forg\u00f3stul azon id\u0151re k\u00f6lcs\u00f6nadni m\u00e9lt\u00f3ztatn\u00e9k.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote30sym\" name=\"sdfootnote30anc\"><sup>30<\/sup><\/a> Egy p\u00e1r g\u00e9mtoll a cs\u00e1sz\u00e1r szolg\u00e1lat\u00e1ban \u00e1ll\u00f3 B\u00e1sta gener\u00e1lis sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra m\u00e9lt\u00f3 aj\u00e1nd\u00e9knak sz\u00e1m\u00edtott.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote31sym\" name=\"sdfootnote31anc\"><sup>31<\/sup><\/a> Az is el\u0151fordult, hogy a gyulai t\u00f6r\u00f6k szandzs\u00e1kb\u00e9g a lippai magyar kapit\u00e1nynak k\u00fcld\u00f6tt darutollat,<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote32sym\" name=\"sdfootnote32anc\"><sup>32<\/sup><\/a> aki a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 \u00e9vben Bethlen G\u00e1bornak juttatott.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote33sym\" name=\"sdfootnote33anc\"><sup>33<\/sup><\/a> Egy \u00e9vtized m\u00falva Balassa Zsigmond k\u00fcld\u00f6tt aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kba k\u00f3csagtollat a temesv\u00e1ri pas\u00e1nak.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote34sym\" name=\"sdfootnote34anc\"><sup>34<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 302px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gyujtemeny.imm.hu\/files\/targyak\/medium\/b1\/d7\/53_4929_ka.jpg?v=159706\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"578\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erd\u00e9lyi forg\u00f3 a 17. sz\u00e1zadb\u00f3l, forgathat\u00f3 tollas sz\u00e1rnnyal, l\u00e1ncon f\u00fcgg\u0151 f\u00e9lholddal. (<a href=\"https:\/\/gyujtemeny.imm.hu\/gyujtemeny\/kalpagforgo-lancon-fuggo-felholddal\/2114\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Iparm\u0171v\u00e9szeti M\u00fazeum<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"tr-TR\">A lovak homlok\u00e1ra ugyancsak t\u0171zhettek pazar, \u00fcst\u00f6knyomtat\u00f3nak vagy l\u00f3homlokel\u0151nek nevezett tolltokokat, <\/span><em>\u201e<\/em><span lang=\"tr-TR\"><em>b\u00e1rsonyra varrott, dr\u00e1ga med\u00e1lyban rakott h\u00e1rom s n\u00e9ha k\u00e9t sz\u00e1l daru-, esetleg k\u00f3csagtollal\u201d<\/em>, ami a l\u00f3 gazd\u00e1j\u00e1nak rangj\u00e1t\u00f3l<\/span><i> <\/i><span lang=\"tr-TR\">f\u00fcgg\u00f6tt.<\/span><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote35sym\" name=\"sdfootnote35anc\"><sup>35<\/sup><\/a><span lang=\"tr-TR\"> Egy fejedelmi menyegz\u0151n a menyasszony fogad\u00e1sakor nyolc p\u00e1rducb\u0151r\u00f6kkel bor\u00edtott <\/span>\u201e<span lang=\"tr-TR\">t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u201d l\u00f3 vonult fel, homlokel\u0151j\u00e9n h\u00e1rom-h\u00e1rom darutollal, a v\u0151leg\u00e9ny \u00f6ccse lov\u00e1nak far\u00e1ra k\u00e9t darutollat helyeztek.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote36sym\" name=\"sdfootnote36anc\"><sup>36<\/sup><\/a> <\/span>Gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6si Istv\u00e1n a t\u00f6r\u00f6k nagyvez\u00edr lov\u00e1n figyeli meg a <em>\u201esz\u00e9p med\u00e1lyos kolcsogot\u201d<\/em>,<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote37sym\" name=\"sdfootnote37anc\"><sup>37<\/sup><\/a> <span lang=\"tr-TR\">Mikes Kelemen Sztambulban a szult\u00e1n k\u00f6rnyezet\u00e9ben \u00edrja le a tollal d\u00edsz\u00edtett lovakat.<\/span><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote38sym\" name=\"sdfootnote38anc\"><sup>38<\/sup><\/a><span lang=\"tr-TR\"> Egy erd\u00e9lyi esk\u00fcv\u0151n a menyasszony <\/span>hint\u00f3ja el\u00e9 fogott hat l\u00f3n egy-egy med\u00e1lyba foglalt darutollat viselt, a v\u0151leg\u00e9ny <em>\u201efestett portai parip\u00e1j\u00e1n\u201d<\/em> pedig k\u00e9t sz\u00e1l darutoll volt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote39sym\" name=\"sdfootnote39anc\"><sup>39<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<figure style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/api.europeana.eu\/thumbnail\/v2\/url.json?uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffrontend.mnm.monguz.hu%2FJaDoX_Portlets%2Fdocuments%2Fdocument_571675_section_303696.jpg&amp;type=IMAGE\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"365\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">L\u00f3homlokd\u00edsz a 16. sz\u00e1zadb\u00f3l tolltokkal.(Temesv\u00e1ry Ferenc: D\u00edszes nyergek, l\u00f3szersz\u00e1mok. Bp. 1995. 65. o.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">A s\u00fcvegbe vagy kalapba t\u0171z\u00f6tt toll rangjelz\u0151 eszk\u00f6z, st\u00e1tuszszimb\u00f3lum lehetett. Szigetv\u00e1r h\u0151s v\u00e9d\u0151je, mid\u0151n a kirohan\u00e1s el\u0151tt legszebb ruh\u00e1j\u00e1t \u00f6lt\u00f6tte mag\u00e1ra, sisakj\u00e1ra k\u00f3csagtollat t\u0171z\u00f6tt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote40sym\" name=\"sdfootnote40anc\"><sup>40<\/sup><\/a> 1643-ban a B\u00e1thoriak mag\u00e1nhadsereg\u00e9nek menyegz\u0151i d\u00edszbe \u00f6lt\u00f6ztetett gyalogos k\u00f6zkaton\u00e1i egy sz\u00e1l, a tizedesek k\u00e9t sz\u00e1l feh\u00e9r strucctollat hordhattak<span lang=\"tr-TR\">, a v\u0151leg\u00e9ny s\u00fcveg\u00e9ben egy k\u00f3csagtoll \u00e9s 10 sz\u00e1l feh\u00e9r darutoll vir\u00edtott, m\u00edg \u00f6ccs\u00e9j\u00e9n a k\u00f3csagtoll mellett 5 sz\u00e1l feh\u00e9r darutoll volt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote41sym\" name=\"sdfootnote41anc\"><sup>41<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Egy \u00e9vsz\u00e1zaddal k\u00e9s\u0151bb K\u00e1rolyi S\u00e1ndor husz\u00e1rezrede t\u00f6rzstisztjeinek par\u00e1d\u00e9hoz a s\u00fcvegre k\u00f3csagtollat, alacsonyabb rang\u00fa tisztjeinek aranyos ez\u00fcst forg\u00f3t, sastollat, a z\u00e1szl\u00f3tart\u00f3knak szint\u00e9n k\u00f3csagtollat adott.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote42sym\" name=\"sdfootnote42anc\"><sup>42<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">A k\u00f3csagtoll sz\u00e1m\u00edtott a legel\u0151kel\u0151bbnek, ahogyan <span lang=\"tr-TR\">a <\/span>\u201e<span lang=\"tr-TR\">n\u00e9metek\u201d 1687-es erd\u00e9lyi <\/span>\u201e<span lang=\"tr-TR\">bej\u00f6vetel\u00e9t\u201d k\u00f6vet\u0151 <\/span><em>\u201e<\/em><span lang=\"tr-TR\"><em>n\u00e1jm\u00f3di\u201d<\/em>-b\u00f3l ki\u00e1br\u00e1ndult Apor \u00edrja: <\/span><em>\u201e<\/em><span lang=\"tr-TR\"><em>A f\u00e9rfiak az\u00e9rt azel\u0151tt az nagyja az embereknek nyusztos s\u00fcveget viselt pomp\u00e1ra, med\u00e1ly rajta s abb\u00f3l k\u00f3csagtoll \u00e1llott ki.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote43sym\" name=\"sdfootnote43anc\"><sup>43<\/sup><\/a> Az alacsonyabb rang\u00faaknak daru, sas vagy strucctoll j\u00e1rt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote44sym\" name=\"sdfootnote44anc\"><sup>44<\/sup><\/a> F<\/span>ekete sz\u00ednben a fejedelmi m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1g jelv\u00e9nye lett, megjelent az erd\u00e9lyi uralkod\u00f3k portr\u00e9in, p\u00e9nzein is.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote45sym\" name=\"sdfootnote45anc\"><sup>45<\/sup><\/a> A t\u00f6r\u00f6k szult\u00e1nt\u00f3l a kinevez\u00e9ssel (adhn\u00e1m\u00e9) egy\u00fctt k\u00fcld\u00f6tt kell\u00e9kek (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul bot, z\u00e1szl\u00f3, s\u00fcveg) k\u00f6zt a toll vagy a forg\u00f3 is szerepelhetett \u2013 ilyet kapott Bocskai Istv\u00e1n <a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote46sym\" name=\"sdfootnote46anc\"><sup>46<\/sup><\/a> vagy II. Apafi Mih\u00e1ly.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote47sym\" name=\"sdfootnote47anc\"><sup>47<\/sup><\/a> A magyar kir\u00e1lyok szint\u00e9n viselt\u00e9k. Miksz\u00e1th a Hunyadi M\u00e1ty\u00e1st helyettes\u00edt\u0151 \u201eMujk\u00f3 kir\u00e1ly\u201d fejfed\u0151j\u00e9re k\u00e9pzeli oda a k\u00f3csagtollat,<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote48sym\" name=\"sdfootnote48anc\"><sup>48<\/sup><\/a> \u00e1m \u00edgy \u00edrj\u00e1k le 1611-es pr\u00e1gai bevonul\u00e1sakor II. M\u00e1ty\u00e1st, \u00e9s t\u00f6bb Habsburg uralkod\u00f3t \u00e1br\u00e1zoltak tollal (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul III. \u00e9s IV Ferdin\u00e1ndot, I. Lip\u00f3tot).<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote49sym\" name=\"sdfootnote49anc\"><sup>49<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 279px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c0\/Bathori_chalkographia.jpg\/443px-Bathori_chalkographia.jpg\" alt=\"File:Bathori chalkographia.jpg\" width=\"279\" height=\"377\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n erd\u00e9lyi fejedelem (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bathori_chalkographia.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n krakk\u00f3i temet\u00e9s\u00e9n kopj\u00e1n vittek egy s\u00fcveget rajta k\u00e9t sz\u00e1l feh\u00e9r darutollal \u2013 a besz\u00e1mol\u00f3 szerint azt jelk\u00e9pezte, hogy erd\u00e9lyi fejedelemk\u00e9nt az ellene t\u00e1mad\u00f3 tr\u00f3nk\u00f6vetel\u0151t legy\u0151zte, \u00edgy nem siker\u00fclt \u201ekiszaggatni\u201d B\u00e1thory fej\u00e9b\u0151l a tollat. Ugyanott a kir\u00e1ly lov\u00e1n annak \u00f6lt\u00f6z\u00e9k\u00e9vel vonult udvar\u00e1nak egy k\u00f3csagtollas tagja.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote50sym\" name=\"sdfootnote50anc\"><sup>50<\/sup><\/a> A rom\u00e1n Vit\u00e9z Mih\u00e1ly Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1rra \u201emagyar\u201d s\u00fcveggel vonult be, amelyet <em>\u201ea bale\u00e1ri daru fekete b\u00f3bit\u00e1j\u00e1b\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, gazdag tollbokr\u00e9ta \u00e9kes\u00edtett.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote51sym\" name=\"sdfootnote51anc\"><sup>51<\/sup><\/a> Bethlen G\u00e1bor 1623-ban lov\u00e1val egy\u00fctt \u201etollason\u201d vett r\u00e9szt a cs\u00e1sz\u00e1ri gener\u00e1lissal folytatott t\u00e1rgyal\u00e1son, h\u00e1rom \u00e9v m\u00falva h\u00e1zass\u00e1gakor menyasszony\u00e1t k\u00f3csagtollasan v\u00e1rta, lov\u00e1n is az d\u00edszelgett.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote52sym\" name=\"sdfootnote52anc\"><sup>52<\/sup><\/a> 1632-ben a sv\u00e9d k\u00f6vet figyelte meg I. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy k\u00f3csagtoll\u00e1t,<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote53sym\" name=\"sdfootnote53anc\"><sup>53<\/sup><\/a> Apafi Mih\u00e1ly tolla \u00fagy \u00e1llt<i>, <\/i><em>\u201emint egy tiszt\u00edt\u00f3 sepr\u0171, olyan sz\u00e9lesen, olyat pedig m\u00e1snak nem volt szabad viselni.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote54sym\" name=\"sdfootnote54anc\"><sup>54<\/sup><\/a> II. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">az \u00f3nodi orsz\u00e1ggy\u0171l\u00e9sre val\u00f3 \u00fcnnep\u00e9lyes bevonul\u00e1sakor hordott fekete k\u00f3csagtollat.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote55sym\" name=\"sdfootnote55anc\"><sup>55<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"tr-TR\">A toll a vit\u00e9zi \u00f6lt\u00f6z\u00e9k r\u00e9sze, e n\u00e9lk\u00fcl j\u00e1rni sz\u00e9gyennek sz\u00e1m\u00edtott.<\/span><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote56sym\" name=\"sdfootnote56anc\"><sup>56<\/sup><\/a><span lang=\"tr-TR\"> Zr\u00ednyi \u00edgy \u00e9rz\u00e9kelteti a vesz\u00e9lyt: <em>\u201cell\u00f6v\u00e9k lovamat\/ \u00c1gyub\u00f3l, s m\u00e1sodszor fejemb\u0151l tollamat\/ Elszaggatt\u00e1k; k\u00f6zel l\u00e1ttam hal\u00e1lomat.\u201d<\/em><\/span> <span lang=\"tr-TR\">K\u00e1rolyi S\u00e1ndornak egy 1705-\u00f6s \u00fctk\u00f6zetben t\u00f6r\u00f6tt el forg\u00f3ja.<\/span><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote57sym\" name=\"sdfootnote57anc\"><sup>57<\/sup><\/a><span lang=\"tr-TR\"> A toll vagy forg\u00f3 s\u00e9r\u00fcl\u00e9se figyelmeztet\u0151 jel lehetett, mint <\/span>Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos egyik k\u00f6vett\u00e1rs\u00e1n\u00e1l, akinek <em>\u201es\u00fcveg\u00e9b\u0151l a darutollakat az sz\u00e9l levet\u00e9 \u00e9s noha felv\u00f6v\u00e9k ugyan, de tal\u00e1n ugyan rossz \u00f3menje l\u0151n az j\u00f6vend\u0151 dolgoknak.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote58sym\" name=\"sdfootnote58anc\"><sup>58<\/sup><\/a> Hasonl\u00f3k\u00e9ppen j\u00e1rt \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3lag II. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy tragikus v\u00e9g\u0171 lengyelorsz\u00e1gi hadj\u00e1rat\u00e1n, amikor a krakk\u00f3i v\u00e1rban a lov\u00e1r\u00f3l lesz\u00e1llva az eg\u00e9sz ottani tan\u00e1cs szeme l\u00e1tt\u00e1ra \u201e<em>hanyatt\u00e1 esett. S\u00fcveg\u00e9ben l\u00e9v\u0151 aranytoll kett\u00e9t\u00f6r\u00f6tt. Nagy jel volt j\u00f6vend\u0151 szerencs\u00e9tlens\u00e9gire.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote59sym\" name=\"sdfootnote59anc\"><sup>59<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 351px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f8\/Misu_Popp_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg\/444px-Misu_Popp_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg\" alt=\"File:Misu Popp - Mihai Viteazul.jpg\" width=\"351\" height=\"474\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vit\u00e9z Mih\u00e1ly egy 1881-es festm\u00e9nyen (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Misu_Popp_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"tr-TR\">A n\u0151k szint\u00e9n kedvelt\u00e9k p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a feh\u00e9r, fekete, v\u00f6r\u00f6s \u00e9s testsz\u00edn\u0171 strucctollakat.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote60sym\" name=\"sdfootnote60anc\"><sup>60<\/sup><\/a> A d\u00fasgazdag Thurz\u00f3 Gy\u00f6rgy l\u00e1ny\u00e1nak hozom\u00e1ny\u00e1ban szerepelt egy <\/span><em><span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">\u201eny\u00e1ri, fekete b\u00e1rsony s\u00fcveg vert ez\u00fcsttel t\u0171z\u00f6tt, az p\u00e1rt\u00e1zatj\u00e1ban tizenegy gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s bogl\u00e1r vagyon, mindenik mellett egy-egy \u00f6reg gy\u00f6ngyszem, egy med\u00e1ly, melyben egy \u00f6reg v\u00f6r\u00f6s k\u0151 vagyon \u00e9s n\u00e9gy gy\u00f6ngyszem \u00e9s az toll mellett egy gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s bokr\u00e9ta.<\/span><\/em><span lang=\"tr-TR\"><em>\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote61sym\" name=\"sdfootnote61anc\"><sup>61<\/sup><\/a> <\/span>Alaghi Menyh\u00e9rtn\u00e9, 1619-ben Reg\u00e9c v\u00e1r\u00e1ban h\u00edr\u00fcl v\u00e9ve a Bethlen-p\u00e1rtiak homonnai veres\u00e9g\u00e9t, <em>\u201e\u00f6r\u00fcl, vigad, kacag \u00e9s tapsol \u00f6r\u00f6m\u00e9ben, tollas s\u00fcveg\u00e9t a fej\u00e9be f\u00f6lteszi, \u00e9s mint a Herodi\u00e1s le\u00e1nya t\u00e1ncot j\u00e1ra.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote62sym\" name=\"sdfootnote62anc\"><sup>62<\/sup><\/a> A fennmaradt \u00f6ssze\u00edr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l nyomon k\u00f6vethetj\u00fck azoknak a tollaknak a \u201ek\u00e1lv\u00e1ri\u00e1j\u00e1t\u201d, melyeket Bethlen G\u00e1bor \u00f6zvegye k\u00f6vetelt vissza Erd\u00e9lyb\u0151l val\u00f3 t\u00e1voz\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n, \u00e9s csak sok \u00e9v ut\u00e1n kapta meg \u0151ket. K\u00f6zt\u00fck tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 <em>\u201esepr\u0171\u201d<\/em>-, strucc-, feh\u00e9r g\u00e9m-, tarka g\u00e9m-, \u00e9s egy olyan k\u00f3csagtoll, melyet a fejedelem \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3lag k\u00f6lcs\u00f6nk\u00e9rt, m\u00edg \u00f6zvegye szerint aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kba kapta; v\u00e9g\u00fcl e toll helyett j\u00f3v\u00e1t\u00e9telk\u00e9nt 750 forintot kapott I. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy fejedelemt\u0151l.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote63sym\" name=\"sdfootnote63anc\"><sup>63<\/sup><\/a> Brandenburgi Katalin r\u00f6vid ideig bet\u00f6lt\u00f6tte a fejedelmi tiszts\u00e9get, \u0151t is \u00e1br\u00e1zolt\u00e1k strucctollal.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote64sym\" name=\"sdfootnote64anc\"><sup>64<\/sup><\/a> K\u00e1rolyi Judit ing\u00f3s\u00e1gainak 1666-os \u00f6ssze\u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1ban olvashatunk strucctoll alak\u00fa <em>\u201ehajba val\u00f3\u201d<\/em>-r\u00f3l, melyben hatvan\u00f6t gy\u00e9m\u00e1nt volt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote65sym\" name=\"sdfootnote65anc\"><sup>65<\/sup><\/a> A tollakat id\u0151nk\u00e9nt egyszer\u0171en hajba t\u0171zt\u00e9k: <em>\u201ea kisasszonyok, s\u0151t el\u00e9val\u00f3 f\u0151 nemes le\u00e1nyok is az fejeken k\u00e9tfel\u0151l, az homlokokra feleresztve soksz\u00edn\u0171 festett structollakat viseltenek, s igen d\u00edszesek voltak azokkal\u201d<\/em>.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote66sym\" name=\"sdfootnote66anc\"><sup>66<\/sup><\/a> Gyerekek is hordhattak tollat, \u00edgy festett\u00e9k meg p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a n\u00e9gy\u00e9ves II. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferencet.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote67sym\" name=\"sdfootnote67anc\"><sup>67<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14185\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14185\" style=\"width: 258px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14185\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/B.-Katalin-186x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"258\" height=\"416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/B.-Katalin-186x300.png 186w, https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/B.-Katalin.png 265w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14185\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandenburgi Katalin fejedelemasszony. (Szendrei J\u00e1nos: A magyar viselet t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti fejl\u0151d\u00e9se. Bp. 1905. 141.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">A t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6kn\u00e9l ugyancsak gyakoriak: II. Bajazid szult\u00e1n egyik \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1s\u00e1n \u00e9pp\u00fagy megfigyelhetj\u00fck, mint a Zr\u00ednyi \u00e1ltal bemutatott Szulejm\u00e1non: \u201e\u00dcl vala mereven nagy cs\u00e1sz\u00e1r nyeregben,\/ Fej\u00e9r v\u00e9kony patyolat (azaz turb\u00e1n) vagyon fej\u00e9ben,\/ K\u00e9t csoport k\u00f3csagtoll al\u00e1 \u00e1ll sz\u00e9lt\u00e9ben&#8230;\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote68sym\" name=\"sdfootnote68anc\"><sup>68<\/sup><\/a> A k\u00f6lt\u0151i le\u00edr\u00e1ssal megegyezik egy korabeli k\u00e9mjelent\u00e9s: a t\u00f6r\u00f6k uralkod\u00f3t az ostromkor val\u00f3ban fekete k\u00f3csagtollal l\u00e1tt\u00e1k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote69sym\" name=\"sdfootnote69anc\"><sup>69<\/sup><\/a> Az oszm\u00e1nok m\u00e1r Buda elfoglal\u00e1sakor \u00fagy fosztott\u00e1k ki az \u00farszab\u00e1s\u00faakat, hogy \u201ese ruh\u00e1juk, se lovok, se p\u00e9nzek, se fegyverek, se tollok s\u00fcveg\u00fck\u00f6n nem marada\u201d.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote70sym\" name=\"sdfootnote70anc\"><sup>70<\/sup><\/a> A 16. sz\u00e1zad k\u00f6zep\u00e9n a janics\u00e1rok el\u00f6lj\u00e1r\u00f3i kis ez\u00fcst tolltokban k\u00f3csagtollb\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, sepr\u0171h\u00f6z hasonl\u00f3 tollcsom\u00f3t viseltek, \u201emintha csak farsangi maskar\u00e1ban lenn\u00e9nek.\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote71sym\" name=\"sdfootnote71anc\"><sup>71<\/sup><\/a> A janics\u00e1rok 1606-ban feljegyzett t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyei alapj\u00e1n a tollak rangjelz\u0151 szereppel b\u00edrta: el\u0151\u00edrt\u00e1k, hogy kik hordhatnak daru- vagy \u00e9ppen k\u00f3csagtollat, \u00e9s kiket illet meg a tollforg\u00f3 visel\u00e9s\u00e9nek joga.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote72sym\" name=\"sdfootnote72anc\"><sup>72<\/sup><\/a> Ugyanebben az id\u0151ben egy erd\u00e9lyi k\u00f6vet a szult\u00e1non k\u00e9t csom\u00f3 fekete g\u00e9mtollat figyel meg, \u00e1m \u201eha valahov\u00e1 kimegyen mez\u0151re vagy m\u00e1suv\u00e1 mulatni, h\u00e1rom bokor szokott lenni.\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote73sym\" name=\"sdfootnote73anc\"><sup>73<\/sup><\/a> Egy m\u00e1sik k\u00f6vet k\u00f3csag- vagy darutollas perzs\u00e1kr\u00f3l \u00edr.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote74sym\" name=\"sdfootnote74anc\"><sup>74<\/sup><\/a> Mikes Kelemen szerint a szult\u00e1nt h\u00e1rom, a nagyvez\u00edrt kett\u0151, a t\u00f6bbi magas rang\u00fa hivatalnokot egy tollb\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 bokr\u00e9ta illette meg.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote75sym\" name=\"sdfootnote75anc\"><sup>75<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 254px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mult-kor.hu\/image\/gallery\/5751\/.630x1260\/26837.jpg?lavid=323614\" alt=\"A kis II. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc\" width=\"254\" height=\"335\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A n\u00e9gy\u00e9ves II. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc (<a href=\"https:\/\/mult-kor.hu\/szerelmes-kis-fiacskam-rakoczi-ferencz-milyen-anya-volt-zrinyi-ilona-20200411?pIdx=3\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Forr\u00e1s<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\">A gy\u0151zelmek ut\u00e1n a f\u0151vez\u00e9r a zs\u00e1km\u00e1nyb\u00f3l darutollforg\u00f3kat osztogatott, amib\u0151l egy t\u00f6r\u00f6k \u00fatle\u00edr\u00e1s szerz\u0151je is r\u00e9szes\u00fclt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote76sym\" name=\"sdfootnote76anc\"><sup>76<\/sup><\/a> Sz\u00edvesen fogadt\u00e1k aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kba, nemcsak a t\u00f6r\u00f6k uraknak illett adni, de inasuknak, szolg\u00e1juknak, szak\u00e1csuknak, lov\u00e1szuknak stb. \u00fagyszint\u00e9n. Val\u00f3s\u00e1gos \u201etoll\u00e9hs\u00e9g\u201d d\u00falhatott: oszm\u00e1n tisztvisel\u0151k panaszkodnak katon\u00e1ikra, akik fizets\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl k\u00f6vetelt\u00e9k a darutollakat.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote77sym\" name=\"sdfootnote77anc\"><sup>77<\/sup><\/a> A vissza\u00e9l\u00e9sek hat\u00e1s\u00e1ra IV. Mehmed szult\u00e1n 1677-ben rendelettel igyekezett v\u00e9get vetni e szok\u00e1snak.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote78sym\" name=\"sdfootnote78anc\"><sup>78<\/sup><\/a> Nagyk\u0151r\u00f6s v\u00e1ros\u00e1nak tollad\u00f3z\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9vtizedeken kereszt\u00fcl nyomon k\u00f6vethetj\u00fck a fennmaradt iratokban, 1682-ben p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul hat darab darutollat kellett adniuk, amennyiben k\u00e9ptelenek voltak el\u0151teremteni azokat, bizonyos \u00f6sszeggel kellett kiv\u00e1ltaniuk.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote79sym\" name=\"sdfootnote79anc\"><sup>79<\/sup><\/a> Az is megesett, hogy a t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6k mellett a magyar f\u00f6ldesuraknak is tollakat kellett szolg\u00e1ltatni.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote80sym\" name=\"sdfootnote80anc\"><sup>80<\/sup><\/a> A helyzet a R\u00e1k\u00f3czi-szabads\u00e1gharc idej\u00e9ben sem v\u00e1ltozott: amikor K\u0151szeg <em>\u201ek\u00e9sz\u00fclt k\u00e9zfog\u00e1shoz nyalka kurucokkal,\/ Mid\u0151n eleiben mentek nagy aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kokkal,\/ K\u00f3csag-tollyut adv\u00e1n n\u00e9kik arany koszor\u00fakkal.\u201d<\/em><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote81sym\" name=\"sdfootnote81anc\"><sup>81<\/sup><\/a> P\u00e9csett vagy Kecskem\u00e9ten szint\u00e9n daru- vagy k\u00f3csagtollat k\u00edv\u00e1ntak a kurucok ad\u00f3k\u00e9nt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote82sym\" name=\"sdfootnote82anc\"><sup>82<\/sup><\/a> A forr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l teh\u00e1t a tollak \u00e9s a hord\u00e1sukra szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 k\u00fcl\u00f6nf\u00e9le forg\u00f3k, med\u00e1lyok nagy fontoss\u00e1ga rajzol\u00f3dik ki a 16-17. sz\u00e1zadban: a kor katonai viselet\u00e9nek csak\u00fagy r\u00e9szei voltak, mint a f\u0151urak d\u00edszes \u00f6lt\u00f6z\u00e9k\u00e9nek. A tollak kit\u00fcntetett szerepe a k\u00e9s\u0151bbiekben is megmarad, s\u0151t a paraszts\u00e1g k\u00f6r\u00e9ben is elterjednek. Err\u0151l azonban majd egy m\u00e1sik alkalommal lesz sz\u00f3.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 440px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7b\/Zr%C3%ADnyi_Mikl%C3%B3s_l%C3%B3h%C3%A1ton.jpg\/440px-Zr%C3%ADnyi_Mikl%C3%B3s_l%C3%B3h%C3%A1ton.jpg\" alt=\"File:Zr\u00ednyi Mikl\u00f3s l\u00f3h\u00e1ton.jpg\" width=\"440\" height=\"600\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zr\u00ednyi Mikl\u00f3s, a k\u00f6lt\u0151 \u00e9s hadvez\u00e9r, a szigetv\u00e1ri h\u0151s d\u00e9dunok\u00e1ja (<a href=\"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zr%C3%ADnyi_Mikl%C3%B3s_(k%C3%B6lt%C5%91)\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><div class='code-block code-block-3' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- baszad\u00e9k -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7992097991\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Az NTF T\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9sz M\u0171hely ingyenesen teszi mindenki sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra el\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 tudom\u00e1nyos eredm\u00e9nyeit, ingyenesen bocs\u00e1tja rendelkez\u00e9sre ismeretterjeszt\u0151 cikkeit. A szerkeszt\u00e9s, t\u00f6rdel\u00e9s \u00e9s a honlap fenntart\u00e1sa azonban nek\u00fcnk is p\u00e9nzbe ker\u00fcl, k\u00e9rj\u00fck, adom\u00e1ny\u00e1val t\u00e1mogassa \u00fcgy\u00fcnket, hogy a j\u00f6v\u0151ben is el\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 tegy\u00fck cikkeinket olvas\u00f3ink sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Sz\u00edves t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sukat <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/ntf_hu\">Patreon<\/a><\/span><\/strong> <strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/ntf_hu\">oldalunkon (link)\u00a0<\/a><\/span>v\u00e1rjuk.<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p><strong>Jegyzetek, felhaszn\u00e1lt forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s szakirodalom:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">1<\/a> Jos\u00e9 Ortega y Gasset: <em>A szerelemr\u0151l<\/em>. Bp. 1942. 69.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote2\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote2anc\" name=\"sdfootnote2sym\">2<\/a> Thomas Mann:<em> J\u00f3zsef \u00e9s testv\u00e9rei.<\/em> Bp. 1963. 556., 576., 578., 600. stb., <span lang=\"en-GB\">Hans Biedermann: <em>Szimb\u00f3lumlexikon.<\/em> Bp. 1996. 78.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote3anc\" name=\"sdfootnote3sym\">3<\/a> B\u00e1lint S\u00e1ndor: A r\u00e9gi szegedi p\u00e1k\u00e1szok \u00e9s madar\u00e1szok. In: <em>M\u00f3ra Ferenc M\u00fazeum \u00c9vk\u00f6nyve 1971\/1.<\/em> 121.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote4\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote4anc\" name=\"sdfootnote4sym\">4<\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> Miksz\u00e1th K\u00e1lm\u00e1n: <\/span><em>A szelistyei asszonyok.<\/em> Bp. 1961. 125.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote5\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote5anc\" name=\"sdfootnote5sym\">5<\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> Varj\u00fa Elem\u00e9r: A magyar viselet a k\u00f6z\u00e9pkorban. In: Domanovszky S\u00e1ndor (szerk):<em><a href=\"http:\/\/mek.oszk.hu\/09100\/09175\/html\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Magyar m\u0171vel\u0151d\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net I.<\/span><\/a><\/em> 349., <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">U\u0151: A magyar viselet a k\u00f6z\u00e9pkor v\u00e9g\u00e9n. In: Uo. II. 492., <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">H\u00f6llrigl J\u00f3zsef: Magyar \u00e9s t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6s viseletform\u00e1k a XVI-XVII. sz\u00e1zadban. In: Uo. III. 371-2., <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nemes Mih\u00e1ly &#8211; Nagy G\u00e9za: Magyar viseletek t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete, Franklin T\u00e1rsulat,, Budapest, 1900.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote6\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote6anc\" name=\"sdfootnote6sym\">6<\/a> Zr\u00ednyi Mikl\u00f3s: Vit\u00e9z hadnagy. In: U\u0151: <em>Pr\u00f3zai m\u0171vei.<\/em> Bp. 1985. 131.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote7\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote7anc\" name=\"sdfootnote7sym\">7<\/a> Balassi B\u00e1lint: <a href=\"http:\/\/acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu\/28950\/1\/modszertani_049_002_074-081.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Egy katona\u00e9nek<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote8\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote8anc\" name=\"sdfootnote8sym\">8<\/a> Zr\u00ednyi M. i. m. 129.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote9\">\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote9anc\" name=\"sdfootnote9sym\">9<\/a><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> Gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6si Istv\u00e1n: Por\u00e1bul meg-\u00e9legedett&#8230; In: U\u0151: <em>\u00d6sszes m\u0171vei II.<\/em> Bp. 1921. 143, 147.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote10\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote10anc\" name=\"sdfootnote10sym\">10<\/a> H. Kolba Judit: \u00d6tv\u00f6ss\u00e9g \u00e9s \u00f6tv\u00f6smunk\u00e1k. In: Radv\u00e1nszky B\u00e9la: <em>Magyar csal\u00e1d\u00e9let \u00e9s h\u00e1ztart\u00e1s a XVI. \u00e9s XVII. sz\u00e1zadban.<\/em> Bp. 1986. 324.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote11\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote11anc\" name=\"sdfootnote11sym\">11<\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> Mer\u00e9nyi Lajos (k\u00f6zli): Az els\u0151 herceg Eszterh\u00e1zy frakn\u00f3v\u00e1ri ing\u00f3s\u00e1gainak lelt\u00e1ra 1650-b\u0151l. <em>Magyar Gazdas\u00e1gt\u00f6rt\u00e9neti Szemle<\/em> <em>10.<\/em> (1903) 168.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote12\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote12anc\" name=\"sdfootnote12sym\">12<\/a> <span lang=\"en-GB\">Sug\u00e1r Istv\u00e1n: Pekri L\u0151rinct\u0151l maradott res-mobili\u00e1knak oszt\u00e1lya. <em>M\u0171v\u00e9szett\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00c9rtes\u00edt\u0151 40.<\/em> (1991) 209.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote13\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote13anc\" name=\"sdfootnote13sym\">13<\/a> Badics Ferenc: <a href=\"http:\/\/epa.oszk.hu\/00000\/00001\/00095\/pdf\/ITK_00095_1912_01_001-010.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">B. Palocsay Gy\u00f6rgy \u201eNay Modi\u201d-ja<\/span><\/a>. <em>Irodalomt\u00f6rt\u00e9neti K\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek 22.<\/em> (1912) 8.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote14\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote14anc\" name=\"sdfootnote14sym\">14<\/a> Szal\u00e1rdi J\u00e1nos: <em>Siralmas magyar kr\u00f3nik\u00e1ja.<\/em> Bp. 1980. 90.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote15\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote15anc\" name=\"sdfootnote15sym\">15<\/a> Vit\u00e9z hadnagy In: Zr\u00ednyi Mikl\u00f3s:<em> Hadtudom\u00e1nyi munk\u00e1i.<\/em> Bp. 1976. 189.<\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\">Az t\u00f6r\u00f6k \u00e1fium ellen val\u00f3 orvoss\u00e1g. In: Zr\u00ednyi Mikl\u00f3s:<em> Pr\u00f3zai m\u0171vei<\/em> i. m. 216.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote16\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote16anc\" name=\"sdfootnote16sym\">16<\/a> Apor P\u00e9ter: <em>Metamorphosis Transylvaniae.<\/em> Bukarest. 1978. <span lang=\"en-GB\">46, 92-3, 98.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote17\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote17anc\" name=\"sdfootnote17sym\">17<\/a> P\u00e1sztor L\u00e1szl\u00f3: K\u00e1rolyi S\u00e1ndor \u00f6n\u00e9let\u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1nak ismeretlen r\u00e9szlete 1698-1703. <em>Magyar K\u00f6nyvszemle 69.<\/em> (1945) 104.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote18\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote18anc\" name=\"sdfootnote18sym\">18<\/a> Cserei Mih\u00e1ly: <em>Erd\u00e9lyi hist\u00f3ri\u00e1ja.<\/em> Pest 1852. 456-7.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote19\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote19anc\" name=\"sdfootnote19sym\">19<\/a> O. Nagy G\u00e1bor: <em>Mi f\u00e1n terem<\/em>? Bp. 1988. 464.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote20\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote20anc\" name=\"sdfootnote20sym\">20<\/a> Apor i. m. 61.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote21\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote21anc\" name=\"sdfootnote21sym\">21<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">I. R\u00e1k\u00f3czy Gy\u00f6rgy \u00e9s Brandenburgi Katalin k\u00f6z\u00f6tt folyt t\u00e1rgyal\u00e1sok iratai az \u00f6zvegy fejedelemasszonyt illet\u0151 ing\u00f3s\u00e1gokr\u00f3l 1629-1636. In: Radv\u00e1nszky B\u00e9la: <em>Udvartart\u00e1s \u00e9s sz\u00e1mad\u00e1sk\u00f6nyvek I. Bethlen G\u00e1bor fejedelem udvartart\u00e1sa.<\/em> Bp. 1888. 255.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote22\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote22anc\" name=\"sdfootnote22sym\">22<\/a> pl. 1576-b\u00f3l. S\u00f6r\u00f6s Pongr\u00e1cz (k\u00f6zli): V\u00e9grendeletek a 16-17. sz\u00e1zadb\u00f3l. <em>Magyar Gazdas\u00e1gt\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi Szemle. 12.<\/em> (1905) 265. P\u00e9ld\u00e1k 1630-b\u00f3l \u00e9s 1697-b\u0151l: B\u00e1r\u00f3 Radv\u00e1nszky B\u00e9la: <em>Magyar csal\u00e1d\u00e9let \u00e9s h\u00e1ztart\u00e1s III.<\/em> Bp. 1879. 258, 360., p\u00e9ld\u00e1k 1661-b\u0151l: G\u00e9resi K\u00e1lm\u00e1n: <em>A nagyk\u00e1rolyi gr\u00f3f K\u00e1rolyi-csal\u00e1d oklev\u00e9lt\u00e1ra IV.<\/em> Bp. 1887. 414.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote23\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote23anc\" name=\"sdfootnote23sym\">23<\/a> <span lang=\"en-GB\">Tak\u00e1ts S\u00e1ndor: A magyar madar\u00e1szat a t\u00f6r\u00f6k korban &#8211; A darv\u00e1szat. In: U\u0151: <em>Rajzok a t\u00f6r\u00f6k vil\u00e1gb\u00f3l III.<\/em> Bp. 1918.<\/span> 83.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote24\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote24anc\" name=\"sdfootnote24sym\">24<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">Bajony Istv\u00e1n \u00e9s Bajony J\u00e1nos ing\u00f3 javainak lelt\u00e1ra. 1566. In: <\/span>G\u00e9resi K\u00e1lm\u00e1n: <em>A nagyk\u00e1rolyi gr\u00f3f K\u00e1rolyi-csal\u00e1d oklev\u00e9lt\u00e1ra III.<\/em> Bp. 1885. <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">365.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote25\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote25anc\" name=\"sdfootnote25sym\">25<\/a> <em>K\u00e9sm\u00e1rki Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre napl\u00f3i, levelesk\u00f6nyvei \u00e9s egy\u00e9b eml\u00e9kezetes \u00edr\u00e1sai.<\/em> K\u00f6zli Thaly K\u00e1lm\u00e1n. Bp. 1873. 160., 161, 175, 201, 215, 247. <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">L\u00e1sd m\u00e9g pl. Per\u00e9nyi-f\u00e9le ing\u00f3s\u00e1gok lelt\u00e1ra 1569-b\u0151l. K\u00f6zli Kom\u00e1romy Andr\u00e1s. <em>T\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi T\u00e1r<\/em> 1901. 592. <\/span>1626-os \u00f6ssze\u00edr\u00e1s: G\u00e9resi i. m. IV. 220. <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">Gr\u00f3f Cs\u00e1ky Ferenc \u00e9s Istv\u00e1n ing\u00f3s\u00e1gainak jegyz\u00e9ke. 1642. m\u00e1j. 9. In: <em>Oklev\u00e9lt\u00e1r a gr\u00f3f Cs\u00e1ky csal\u00e1d t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9hez. II. Oklevelek 1500\u20131818.<\/em> Bp. 1919. 716.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote26\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote26anc\" name=\"sdfootnote26sym\">26<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Baraczka Istv\u00e1n: Gy\u0151r-Sopron megyei adatok a XVI. sz\u00e1zad derek\u00e1r\u00f3l a N\u00e1dasdy-sz\u00e1mad\u00e1sokban (1544-1554) <em>Soproni Szemle 26.<\/em> (1972) 58.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote27\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote27anc\" name=\"sdfootnote27sym\">27<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Kerecs\u00e9nyi L\u00e1szl\u00f3 levele Cs\u00e1nyi \u00c1koshoz, Bagod (ma Zal\u00e1ban Zalakom\u00e1r telep\u00fcl\u00e9s) 1558. nov. 10. <em>T\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi T\u00e1r<\/em> 1907. 125.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote28\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote28anc\" name=\"sdfootnote28sym\">28<\/a> Tak\u00e1ts i. m. 89.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote29\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote29anc\" name=\"sdfootnote29sym\">29<\/a> <span lang=\"en-GB\">Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc 1661. jan. 14-i levele Teleki Mih\u00e1lynak. In: Gergely Samu (szerk): <em>Teleki Mih\u00e1ly levelez\u00e9se II.<\/em> Bp. 1906. 10. <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">L\u00e1sd m\u00e9g pl. K\u00f6v\u00e9r G\u00e1bor 1656. dec. 14-i levele Teleki Mih\u00e1lynak. In: Gergely Samu (szerk): <em>Teleki Mih\u00e1ly levelez\u00e9se I.<\/em> Bp. 1905. 27.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote30\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote30anc\" name=\"sdfootnote30sym\">30<\/a> Az 1689-es levelet id\u00e9zi Tak\u00e1ts i. m. 119.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote31\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote31anc\" name=\"sdfootnote31sym\">31<\/a> Szab\u00f3 T. Attila (szerk): <em>Erd\u00e9lyi Magyar Sz\u00f3t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti T\u00e1r IV.<\/em> Bukarest 1984. 564.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote32\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote32anc\" name=\"sdfootnote32sym\">32<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Huszein gyulai szandzs\u00e1kb\u00e9g 1604. j\u00fanius 24-i levele R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Lajos lippai kapit\u00e1nynak. In: Gy\u00e1rf\u00e1s Istv\u00e1n (k\u00f6zli): K\u00e9t magyar k\u00f6rirat\u00fa pecs\u00e9t 1600 \u00e9s 1613-b\u00f3l. <em>T\u00f6rt\u00e9nenelmi T\u00e1r<\/em> 1879. 396.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote33\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote33anc\" name=\"sdfootnote33sym\">33<\/a> Bethlen G\u00e1bor 1605 m\u00e1jus 26-i levele R\u00e1k\u00f3czy Lajosnak. In: Szil\u00e1gyi S\u00e1ndor (szerk.): <em>Erd\u00e9lyi Orsz\u00e1ggy\u0171l\u00e9si Eml\u00e9kek V.<\/em> Bp. 1879. 383.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote34\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote34anc\" name=\"sdfootnote34sym\">34<\/a> Balassa Zsigmond t\u00e1mad\u00e1sa. K\u00f6zli: Barab\u00e1s Samu. <em>T\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi T\u00e1r<\/em> 1881. 564.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote35\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote35anc\" name=\"sdfootnote35sym\">35<\/a> Apor i. m. 61. \u201e<em>egy vas homlokel\u0151 tollast\u00f3l\u2026 h\u00e1rom homlokel\u0151\u201d<i> <\/i><\/em>\u00a0Th\u00fary Gy\u00f6rgy hagyat\u00e9ka (1571)<i>. <\/i><span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\"><em>Sz\u00e1zadok 4.<\/em> (1870) 724, 726.; <\/span><em>\u201e2 ez\u00fcst aranyas l\u00f3homlokel\u0151, egyik zom\u00e1nczos, m\u00e1sik sima szab\u00e1s\u00fa. Egyiken h\u00e1rom ez\u00fcst toll tok, m\u00e1sikon egy.\u201d<\/em><i> <\/i>Mer\u00e9nyi Lajos (k\u00f6zli):<i> <\/i>V\u00e1rday Kata ing\u00f3s\u00e1gai (1589). <em>Magyar Gazdas\u00e1gt\u00f6rt\u00e9neti Szemle<\/em> 12. (1905) 261. Bethlen G\u00e1bor v\u00e9grendelet\u00e9ben a l\u00f3szersz\u00e1mok k\u00f6zt ugyancsak olvashatunk t\u00f6bb tolltokos homlokel\u0151r\u0151l. L\u00e1sd: <em>Bethlen G\u00e1bor fejedelem v\u00e9grendelete<\/em>. Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely 1878. 61-3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote36\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote36anc\" name=\"sdfootnote36sym\">36<\/a> K\u00f6vetjelent\u00e9s II. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy \u00e9s B\u00e1thory Zs\u00f3fia menyegz\u0151j\u00e9r\u0151l. 1643. jan. 24. \u2013 febr. 14. In: Szil\u00e1gyi S\u00e1ndor (szerk.): <em>Erd\u00e9lyi orsz\u00e1ggy\u0171l\u00e9si eml\u00e9kek X.<\/em> Bp. 1884. 357.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote37\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote37anc\" name=\"sdfootnote37sym\">37<\/a> Gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6si Istv\u00e1n: Por\u00e1b\u00f3l meg-\u00e9ledett&#8230; In: U\u0151: <em>\u00d6sszes m\u0171vei II.<\/em> Bp. 1921. 150.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote38\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote38anc\" name=\"sdfootnote38sym\">38<\/a> Mikes Kelemen: <a href=\"https:\/\/mek.oszk.hu\/00800\/00880\/html\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>T\u00f6r\u00f6korsz\u00e1gi levelek.<\/em><\/span><\/a> 129. lev\u00e9l.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote39\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote39anc\" name=\"sdfootnote39sym\">39<\/a> <span lang=\"en-GB\">Apor i. m. 61-2, 92.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote40\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote40anc\" name=\"sdfootnote40sym\">40<\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> Szigeti veszedelem XV, 14.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote41\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote41anc\" name=\"sdfootnote41sym\">41<\/a> K\u00f6vetjelent\u00e9s i. m. 353, 357. L\u00e1sd m\u00e9g: B. Szab\u00f3 J\u00e1nos \u2013 Somogyi Gy\u0151z\u0151: <em>Az erd\u00e9lyi fejedelems\u00e9g hadserege.<\/em> Bp. 1996. 95<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote42\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote42anc\" name=\"sdfootnote42sym\">42<\/a> S\u00e1gv\u00e1ri Gy\u00f6rgy: Magyar husz\u00e1runiformis a 18. sz\u00e1zadban. In: Szab\u00f3 J\u00e1nos; Hausner, G\u00e1bor (szerk.) <em>\u201eA hadi t\u00f6rt\u00e9net k\u00fatfeje minden hadtudom\u00e1nynak.\u201d Tanulm\u00e1nyok \u00c1cs Tibor tisztelet\u00e9re.<\/em> Bp. 2007. 250.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote43\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote43anc\" name=\"sdfootnote43sym\">43<\/a> Apor i. m. 60. Ld. m\u00e9g: S\u00e1gv\u00e1ri i. m. 251.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote44\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote44anc\" name=\"sdfootnote44sym\">44<\/a> B. Szab\u00f3 J\u00e1nos \u2013 Somogyi Gy\u0151z\u0151: <em>Az erd\u00e9lyi fejedelems\u00e9g hadserege.<\/em> Bp. 1996. 95.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote45\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote45anc\" name=\"sdfootnote45sym\">45<\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> Tollforg\u00f3s pr\u00e9mes s\u00fcveg utal a fejedelmek rangj\u00e1ra. <\/span>Tompos Lilla: A budapesti Costumbilder aus Siebenb\u00fcrgen k\u00f3dex viselett\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e1ttekint\u00e9se. In: Oborni Ter\u00e9z \u2013 Tompos Lilla \u2013 Bencsik G\u00e1bor: <em>A r\u00e9gi Erd\u00e9ly n\u00e9peinek k\u00e9pesk\u00f6nyve. K\u00e9ziratos viseletk\u00f3dex az Apafiak kor\u00e1b\u00f3l.<\/em> Bp. 2009. 31. <span lang=\"en-GB\">Miksz\u00e1th K\u00e1lm\u00e1n <em>A kis pr\u00edm\u00e1s<\/em> c. reg\u00e9ny\u00e9ben a n\u00e1dort szint\u00e9n fekete k\u00f3csagtollba szerepelteti. 92.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote46\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote46anc\" name=\"sdfootnote46sym\">46<\/a> <em>Rozsnyay D\u00e1vid, az utols\u00f3 t\u00f6r\u00f6k de\u00e1k maradv\u00e1nyai.<\/em> Pest 1867. 106.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote47\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote47anc\" name=\"sdfootnote47sym\">47<\/a> Czegei Vass Gy\u00f6rgy napl\u00f3j\u00e1t id\u00e9zi: Sebesty\u00e9n Mih\u00e1ly: Ifjabb Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos temet\u00e9se 1701-ben. In: <em>Eml\u00e9kk\u00f6nyv Imreh Istv\u00e1n sz\u00fclet\u00e9s\u00e9nek nyolcvanadik \u00e9vfordul\u00f3j\u00e1ra.<\/em> Kv. 1999. 418.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote48\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote48anc\" name=\"sdfootnote48sym\">48<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mek.oszk.hu\/00900\/00953\/00953.htm\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">A szelistyei asszonyok<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote49\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote49anc\" name=\"sdfootnote49sym\">49<\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> Szendrei J\u00e1nos: <em>A magyar viselet t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti fejl\u0151d\u00e9se.<\/em> Bp. 1905. 21, 143, 195., <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/mek.oszk.hu\/15500\/15597\/15597.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Evlia Cselebi magyarorsz\u00e1gi utaz\u00e1sai 1664-1666.<\/span><\/a><\/em> Bp. 1908. 186.\u00a0<\/span><u><\/u><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote50\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote50anc\" name=\"sdfootnote50sym\">50<\/a> Jak\u00f3 Kl\u00e1ra: Adal\u00e9k fejedelmeink temetkez\u00e9s\u00e9nek k\u00e9rd\u00e9s\u00e9hez. In: <em>Eml\u00e9kk\u00f6nyv Jak\u00f3 Zsigmond sz\u00fclet\u00e9s\u00e9nek nyolcvanadik \u00e9vfordul\u00f3j\u00e1ra.<\/em> Kv. 1996. 201.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote51\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote51anc\" name=\"sdfootnote51sym\">51<\/a> Szamosk\u00f6zy Istv\u00e1n: <em>Erd\u00e9ly t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete (1598-1599, 1603).<\/em> Bp. 1981. 286.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote52\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote52anc\" name=\"sdfootnote52sym\">52<\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em> Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos fejedelem \u00f6n\u00e9let\u00edr\u00e1sa.<\/em> Pest 1856. 57, 83.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote53\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote53anc\" name=\"sdfootnote53sym\">53<\/a> Szamota Istv\u00e1n: <em>R\u00e9gi utaz\u00e1sok Magyarorsz\u00e1gon \u00e9s a Balk\u00e1n-f\u00e9lszigeten 1054-1717.<\/em> Bp. 1891.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote54\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote54anc\" name=\"sdfootnote54sym\">54<\/a> <span lang=\"en-GB\">Apor i. m. 50.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote55\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote55anc\" name=\"sdfootnote55sym\">55<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">K\u00f6peczi B\u00e9la &#8211; R. V\u00e1rkonyi \u00c1gnes: II. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc, Budapest, 2004. 357.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote56\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote56anc\" name=\"sdfootnote56sym\">56<\/a> <em>Evlia Cselebi t\u00f6r\u00f6k vil\u00e1gutaz\u00f3 magyarorsz\u00e1gi utaz\u00e1sai 1660-1664. I.<\/em> Bp. 1904. 510.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote57\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote57anc\" name=\"sdfootnote57sym\">57<\/a> Szigeti veszedelem V, 19. <i>Magam az forg\u00f3m fels\u0151 sugar\u00e1t tal\u00e1ltam hegyes t\u0151rrel elt\u00f6rni s elveszett. <\/i>In:<i> <\/i>Kov\u00e1cs \u00c1gnes (szerk): <em>K\u00e1rolyi S\u00e1ndor levelei feles\u00e9g\u00e9nek 1704-1720 I.<\/em> Debrecen 1994. 38.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote58\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote58anc\" name=\"sdfootnote58sym\">58<\/a> Kem\u00e9ny 52.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote59\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote59anc\" name=\"sdfootnote59sym\">59<\/a> Petrityvity-Horv\u00e1th Kozma \u00f6n\u00e9let\u00edr\u00e1sa 1634-1660. In: <em>T\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi kal\u00e1szok 1603-1711.<\/em> Pest 1862. 20.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote60\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote60anc\" name=\"sdfootnote60sym\">60<\/a> K\u00e1rolyi Kata hozom\u00e1nya, 1595. In: <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">Radv\u00e1nszky B\u00e9la: <em>Magyar csal\u00e1d\u00e9let \u00e9s h\u00e1ztart\u00e1s a XVI. \u00e9s XVII. sz\u00e1zadban II.<\/em> Bp. 1879. <\/span>87. <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">B\u00e1r\u00f3 Esterh\u00e1zy Ilona hagyat\u00e9ka, 1651. Uo. 314.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote61\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote61anc\" name=\"sdfootnote61sym\">61<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">Thurz\u00f3 Zsuzsanna hozom\u00e1nya 1603. Radv\u00e1nszky B\u00e9la: <em>Magyar csal\u00e1d\u00e9let \u00e9s h\u00e1ztart\u00e1s a XVI. \u00e9s XVII. sz\u00e1zadban II.<\/em> Bp. 1879. 108.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote62\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote62anc\" name=\"sdfootnote62sym\">62<\/a> Sepsi Laczk\u00f3 M\u00e1t\u00e9 kr\u00f3nik\u00e1ja. In: Mik\u00f3 Imre (szerk): <em>Erd\u00e9lyi t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi adatok III.<\/em> Kv. 1858. 243.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote63\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote63anc\" name=\"sdfootnote63sym\">63<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adtplus.arcanum.hu\/hu\/view\/Books_04_TorokkorErdelyiFejedelemseg_0227_Bethlen_Gabor_fejedelem_udvartartasa_147\/?query=SZO%3D%28aranyos%20gy%C3%B6rgy%29&amp;pg=371\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">I. R\u00e1k\u00f3czy Gy\u00f6rgy \u00e9s Brandenburgi Katalin k\u00f6z\u00f6tt folyt t\u00e1rgyal\u00e1sok iratai az \u00f6zvegy fejedelem asszonyt illet\u0151 ing\u00f3s\u00e1gokr\u00f3l 1629-1636.<\/span><\/a> In: Radv\u00e1nszky B\u00e9la: <em>Udvartart\u00e1s \u00e9s sz\u00e1mad\u00e1sk\u00f6nyvek I. Bethlen G\u00e1bor Fejedelem udvartart\u00e1sa.<\/em> Bp. 1888. 255, 283, 321-2, 328, 335, 347, 356, 361, 369, 373, 382.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote64\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote64anc\" name=\"sdfootnote64sym\">64<\/a> Szendrei 141.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote65\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote65anc\" name=\"sdfootnote65sym\">65<\/a> K\u00e1rolyi Judit ing\u00f3s\u00e1gainak \u00f6ssze\u00edr\u00e1sa 1666-ban. In: G\u00e9resi 459.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote66\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote66anc\" name=\"sdfootnote66sym\">66<\/a> Apor i. m. 57, 119.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote67\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote67anc\" name=\"sdfootnote67sym\">67<\/a> <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\">Tatay Istv\u00e1n hagyat\u00e9ka, 1607. In: Radv\u00e1nszky B\u00e9la: <em>Magyar csal\u00e1d\u00e9let \u00e9s h\u00e1ztart\u00e1s a XVI. \u00e9s XVII. sz\u00e1zadban II.<\/em> Bp. 1879. 125.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote68\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote68anc\" name=\"sdfootnote68sym\">68<\/a> Szigeti veszedelem II, 36.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote69\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote69anc\" name=\"sdfootnote69sym\">69<\/a> Tak\u00e1ts i. m. 83.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote70\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote70anc\" name=\"sdfootnote70sym\">70<\/a> Verancsics Antal: Magyar kr\u00f3nik\u00e1ja. In: Podhradczky J\u00f3zsef: <em>Eredeti k\u00e9t magyar kr\u00f3nika min\u0151 veszedelem \u00e9rte a moh\u00e1csi \u00fctk\u00f6zet ut\u00e1n Magyar orsz\u00e1got \u00e9s mik\u00e9nt jutott Buda a t\u00f6r\u00f6knek rabs\u00e1g\u00e1ba<\/em>. Pest 1833. 60.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote71\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote71anc\" name=\"sdfootnote71sym\">71<\/a> Derschwam J\u00e1nos besz\u00e1mol\u00f3ja Konstantin\u00e1polyb\u00f3l 1553-55-b\u0151l. Id\u00e9zi: Tardy Lajos (k\u00f6zreadja): <em>Rabok, k\u00f6vetek, kalm\u00e1rok az oszm\u00e1n birodalomr\u00f3l.<\/em> Bp. 1977. 314.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote72\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote72anc\" name=\"sdfootnote72sym\">72<\/a> T\u00f6r\u00f6k-magyar hadt\u00f6rt\u00e9neti eml\u00e9kek. In: \u00c1goston G\u00e1bor &#8211; Fodor P\u00e1l (szerk.): <em>Elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 k\u00fatf\u0151k, 1. k\u00f6tet. A janics\u00e1rok t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyei (1606).\u00a0<\/em> Bp., 1989.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote73\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote73anc\" name=\"sdfootnote73sym\">73<\/a> Szamosk\u00f6zy Istv\u00e1n: <em>T\u00f6rt\u00e9neti maradv\u00e1nyai 1542-1608. IV. k\u00f6tet. Vegyes f\u00f6ljegyz\u00e9sek.<\/em> Bp. 1880. 205.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote74\">\n<p class=\"western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote74anc\" name=\"sdfootnote74sym\">74<\/a> <span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Borsos Tam\u00e1s: <em>V\u00e1s\u00e1rhelyt\u0151l a F\u00e9nyes Port\u00e1ig.<\/em> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Bukarest, 1972. 279.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote75\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote75anc\" name=\"sdfootnote75sym\">75<\/a><span lang=\"en-US\"> Mikes Kelemen: T\u00f6r\u00f6korsz\u00e1gi levelek. 17<\/span>7. lev\u00e9l, <span lang=\"en-US\">Domanovszky Endre: <em>Korok ruh\u00e1i.<\/em> Bp. 1979. 237.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote76\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote76anc\" name=\"sdfootnote76sym\">76<\/a> Evlia Cselebi 1660-1664 i. m. 304.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote77\">\n<p class=\"western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote77anc\" name=\"sdfootnote77sym\">77<\/a><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"da-DK\"> Hegyi Kl\u00e1ra: J\u00e1szber\u00e9ny t\u00f6r\u00f6k levelei. In: <em>Szolnok megyei lev\u00e9lt\u00e1ri f\u00fczetek 11.<\/em> Szolnok, 1988. 106.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote78\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote78anc\" name=\"sdfootnote78sym\">78<\/a> IV. Mehmed 1677. janu\u00e1ri ferm\u00e1nja. In: Szil\u00e1dy \u00c1ron &#8211; Szil\u00e1gyi S\u00e1ndor (kiad): O<em>km\u00e1nyt\u00e1r a h\u00f3dolts\u00e1g t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9hez Magyarorsz\u00e1gon. Nagy-K\u0151r\u00f6s, Czegl\u00e9d, D\u00f6ms\u00f6d, Szeged, Halas lev\u00e9lt\u00e1raib\u00f3l. II.<\/em> Pest. 1863. 37.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote79\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote79anc\" name=\"sdfootnote79sym\">79<\/a> Uo. I. 20. 22, 38, 46, 49, 55-6, 63-4, 84-5, 90 stb. 384-ig. II. 18-9, 94.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote80\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote80anc\" name=\"sdfootnote80sym\">80<\/a> 1652-ben. <em>B\u00e1cs-Bodrogh v\u00e1rmegyei T\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi T\u00e1rsulat \u00c9vk\u00f6nyve 13.<\/em> (1897) 51.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote81\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote81anc\" name=\"sdfootnote81sym\">81<\/a> A magyar v\u00e1rosokr\u00fal. In: Esze Tam\u00e1s \u2013 Kiss J\u00f3zsef \u2013 Klaniczay Tibor (szerk): <em>Magyar k\u00f6lt\u00e9szet Bocskayt\u00f3l R\u00e1k\u00f3cziig.<\/em> Bp., 1953. 316. vagy <a href=\"http:\/\/mek.oszk.hu\/03600\/03646\/03646.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">M\u00e1s volt eddig, m\u00e1sk\u00e9pp lesz most. V\u00e1logat\u00e1s a kuruckor k\u00f6lt\u00e9szet\u00e9b\u0151l, A nemzeti sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g hymnus\u00e1val \u00e9s II. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc im\u00e1j\u00e1val.<\/span><\/a> V\u00e1l. Bettes Istv\u00e1n. Dunaszerdahely 2004. 51.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote82\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote82anc\" name=\"sdfootnote82sym\">82<\/a> <em>\u201e12 embernek val\u00f3 darutollat, vagy k\u00f3csagot \u00fari tokokkal egy\u00fctt.\u201d<\/em> P\u00e9ts v\u00e1ros\u00e1ra R\u00e1k\u00f3tzy h\u00edvei \u00e1ltal vetett ad\u00f3nak jegyz\u00e9ke. <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Tudom\u00e1nyos Gy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny 20.<\/em> (1836) 5: 94., <\/span>Tak\u00e1ts i. m. 86. Kor\u00e1bban: HU MNL OL Urbaria et Conscriptiones E 156 &#8211; a. &#8211; Fasc. 041. &#8211; No. 001. S\u00e1rospatak Invent\u00e1riuma (1629)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jan_Matejko-Batory_pod_Pskowem.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><strong>A nyit\u00f3k\u00e9pen B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n lengyel kir\u00e1lyk\u00e9nt Pszkov ostrom\u00e1n\u00e1l, Jan Matejko festm\u00e9ny\u00e9n.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Andor A mad\u00e1rtollakat fejd\u00edszk\u00e9nt m\u00e1r az \u00f3kori ember is el\u0151szeretettel haszn\u00e1lta. E szok\u00e1sban felfedezhetj\u00fck ak\u00e1r \u201ea m\u0171v\u00e9szet v\u00e1ltozatos \u00e9s isteni besz\u00e9d\u00e9nek\u201d egyik els\u0151 dadog\u00e1s\u00e1t is.1 Emellett amulettk\u00e9nt is alkalmazt\u00e1k, mely meg\u00f3vja visel\u0151j\u00e9t a kimer\u00fclts\u00e9gt\u0151l: az egyiptomiak p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul nemcsak magukat, lovaikat is \u00e9kes\u00edtett\u00e9k a strucctollakkal,2 melyeket k\u00e9s\u0151bb a k\u00f6z\u00e9pkorban Eur\u00f3pa-szerte hordtak. N\u00e1lunk e szok\u00e1s az \u0151si totemkultuszban gy\u00f6kerezhet.3 Eleink val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg m\u00e1r a honfoglal\u00e1s idej\u00e9n viseltek tollat, amit megfigyelhet\u00fcnk az egyik nagyszentmikl\u00f3si aranykors\u00f3n. A strucctollat l\u00e1thatjuk a legr\u00e9gebbi (1500 k\u00f6r\u00fcli) husz\u00e1r-\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1son csak\u00fagy, mint egy korabeli c\u00edmeren. A tolld\u00edsz \u00e9vsz\u00e1zadokon kereszt\u00fcl szinte&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":14187,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,157,7],"tags":[504,1081,770,1611,214,1610],"class_list":["post-14184","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egyeb","category-kora_ujkor","category-kozepkor","tag-eletmod","tag-hadviseles","tag-nemesseg","tag-oltozkodes","tag-torok-kor","tag-viselet"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14184","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14184"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14184\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14753,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14184\/revisions\/14753"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14184"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14184"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14184"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}