{"id":13841,"date":"2020-07-23T10:00:52","date_gmt":"2020-07-23T10:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/?p=13841"},"modified":"2020-07-23T15:27:34","modified_gmt":"2020-07-23T15:27:34","slug":"maria-terezia-elete-es-oktataspolitikaja-ii-resz-a-ratio-educationis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/2020\/07\/23\/maria-terezia-elete-es-oktataspolitikaja-ii-resz-a-ratio-educationis\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia \u00e9lete \u00e9s oktat\u00e1spolitik\u00e1ja \u2013 II. r\u00e9sz:  A Ratio Educationis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"center\"><em><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;\">\u00c9bner Zsuzsa<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;\">Annak ellen\u00e9re, hogy M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zi\u00e1t nem k\u00e9sz\u00edtett\u00e9k fel az uralkod\u00f3i szerep bet\u00f6lt\u00e9s\u00e9re, sz\u00e1mos sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171 rendeletet hozott, amelyek jelent\u0151s reformokhoz vezettek. \u00cdgy volt ez az 1777-es Ratio Educationis eset\u00e9ben is. Mi\u00e9rt v\u00e1lt sz\u00fcks\u00e9gess\u00e9 az oktat\u00e1s megform\u00e1l\u00e1sa? Kiknek k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhetj\u00fck a magyar k\u00f6zoktat\u00e1s f\u00fcggetlens\u00e9g\u00e9t biztos\u00edt\u00f3 rendeletet? Mit jelentett a Ratio a gyakorlatban? Hogyan fogadt\u00e1k a kort\u00e1rsak? \u00cdr\u00e1som m\u00e1sodik r\u00e9sz\u00e9ben ezekre a k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekre keresem a v\u00e1laszt. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><div class='code-block code-block-1' style='text-align: center; margin: 13px auto;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- oldalhirdet\u00e9s -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"5518896799\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adtplus.arcanum.hu\/hu\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4560\" src=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/adt-logo-hu-350.655280d015fe.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/adt-logo-hu-350.655280d015fe.png 350w, https:\/\/ntf.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/adt-logo-hu-350.655280d015fe-300x51.png 300w\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"60\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>A cikk a Napi T\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi Forr\u00e1s \u00e9s az <a href=\"https:\/\/adtplus.arcanum.hu\/hu\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Arcanum Digit\u00e1lis Tudom\u00e1nyt\u00e1r<\/span><\/a> egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9ben k\u00e9sz\u00fclt<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>A felvil\u00e1gosult abszolutizmus \u00fatj\u00e1n, avagy mi\u00e9rt v\u00e1lt sz\u00fcks\u00e9gess\u00e9 a Ratio Educationis?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Az Eur\u00f3pa perem\u00e9re szorult \u00e1llamok saj\u00e1tos k\u00eds\u00e9rletet tettek annak \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben, hogy a feudalizmus keretein bel\u00fcl maradva olyan felvil\u00e1gosod\u00e1s eredm\u00e9nyein alapul\u00f3 int\u00e9zked\u00e9seket vezessenek be, amik lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszik a fejlettebb hatalmi versenyt\u00e1rsaikhoz val\u00f3 felz\u00e1rk\u00f3z\u00e1st, valamint a saj\u00e1t er\u0151forr\u00e1saik korszer\u0171bb, hat\u00e9konyabb felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> Ezt a k\u00eds\u00e9rletet nevezz\u00fck felvil\u00e1gosult abszolutizmusnak. A felvil\u00e1gosult abszolutizmus c\u00e9ljaihoz pedig nagyon sok mindenre volt sz\u00fcks\u00e9g: k\u00e9pzett \u00e9s megb\u00edzhat\u00f3 hivatalnoki appar\u00e1tusra, k\u00e9pzett szakemberekre, \u00e9s j\u00f3l gazd\u00e1lkod\u00f3 parasztokra.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote2sym\" name=\"sdfootnote2anc\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> Ebb\u0151l pedig egyenesen k\u00f6vetkezik az, hogy annak az oktat\u00e1s\u00fcgynek, ami eddig az egyh\u00e1z hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r\u00e9be tartozott, sz\u00fcks\u00e9gszer\u0171en \u00e1llamhatalmi k\u00e9rd\u00e9ss\u00e9 kellett v\u00e1lnia, M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia szavaival \u00e9lve politikumm\u00e1 kellett alakulnia.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\" name=\"sdfootnote3anc\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Fontos hangs\u00falyozni, hogy a felvil\u00e1gosult abszolutizmus a k\u00f6zoktat\u00e1s eset\u00e9ben sem l\u00e9pte \u00e1t a feudalizmus szabta korl\u00e1tokat, vagyis nem a polg\u00e1ri felvil\u00e1gosod\u00e1s gondolatainak pal\u00e1nt\u00e1it akarta el\u00fcltetni az iskola\u00fcgy kertj\u00e9ben.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote4sym\" name=\"sdfootnote4anc\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a> Hanem olyan pal\u00e1nt\u00e1kkal, \u00e9s magvakkal dolgozott, amikb\u0151l az utilitas elv\u00e9nek megfelel\u0151en az \u00e1llam sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra hasznos vir\u00e1gok bontj\u00e1k majd ki szirmaikat. M\u00e9ghozz\u00e1 egy olyan kertben, amely a feudalizmuson bel\u00fcl minden eddigin\u00e9l magasabb sz\u00ednvonal\u00fa.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote5sym\" name=\"sdfootnote5anc\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> A kertet \u00e9s a benne csepered\u0151 vir\u00e1gokat pedig \u00f3vta \u00e9s gondozta, mert a k\u00f6zboldogs\u00e1g z\u00e1logaik\u00e9nt tekintett r\u00e1juk.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote6sym\" name=\"sdfootnote6anc\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Az \u00e1llami oktat\u00e1s\u00fcgy kezdetei, a Ratio Educationis l\u00e9trej\u00f6tte<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[K\u00e9p 1, k\u00e9pek a bibliogr\u00e1fia ut\u00e1n]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 326px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static-cdn.arcanum.hu\/nfo-resources\/domanovszky_pic\/domanovszky\/04-469.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"326\" height=\"509\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ratio Educationis els\u0151 kiad\u00e1sa (Forr\u00e1s: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcanum.hu\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/Domanovszky-domanovszky-magyar-muvelodestortenet-1\/negyedik-kotet-barokk-es-felvilagosodas-1007\/csoka-j-lajos-a-ratio-educationis-korszaka-135F\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Arcanum Digit\u00e1lis Tudom\u00e1nyt\u00e1r<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Azokat a bizonyos neh\u00e9z els\u0151 l\u00e9p\u00e9seket Gerthard Van Swieten, M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia orvosa, \u00e9s tan\u00e1csad\u00f3ja, tette meg 1752-1753-ban a b\u00e9csi egyetem korszer\u0171s\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9vel.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote7sym\" name=\"sdfootnote7anc\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a> Amikor napirendre ker\u00fclt Ausztri\u00e1ban \u00e9s Magyarorsz\u00e1gon bel\u00fcl is az egyetemek moderniz\u00e1l\u00e1sa, akkor a korm\u00e1nyzat a b\u00e9csi mint\u00e1t vette alapul. Egyr\u00e9szt az\u00e9rt mert m\u00e1r bev\u00e1lt mint\u00e1r\u00f3l volt sz\u00f3, m\u00e1sr\u00e9szt pedig az\u00e9rt, mert mind a k\u00e9t orsz\u00e1gban a r\u00e9gi, elavult jezsuita rendszert kellett felv\u00e1ltani \u00e9s olyan m\u00f3don \u00e1tszervezni, hogy az megfeleljen a kor kih\u00edv\u00e1sainak.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote8sym\" name=\"sdfootnote8anc\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia az 1760-ban alap\u00edtott udvari tanulm\u00e1nyi bizotts\u00e1g hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r\u00e9t eleinte nem terjesztette ki Magyarorsz\u00e1gra, hanem mintegy els\u0151 k\u00eds\u00e9rletk\u00e9nt 1761-ben megb\u00edzta az esztergomi \u00e9rseket, Bark\u00f3czy Ferencet a magyar oktat\u00e1s\u00fcgyi reform kidolgoz\u00e1s\u00e1val.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote9sym\" name=\"sdfootnote9anc\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a> Az \u00e9rsek azonban nem alkotott \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u0151 terveket, \u00edgy nem j\u00e1rt sikerrel.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote10sym\" name=\"sdfootnote10anc\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a> A kir\u00e1lyn\u0151 Bark\u00f3czy kudarca ellen\u00e9re h\u00e1rom \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb Pozsonyban l\u00e9trehozta a magyar Tan\u00fcgyi Bizotts\u00e1got, amely P\u00e1lffy Mikl\u00f3s gr\u00f3f vezet\u00e9s\u00e9vel valamennyi hazai iskol\u00e1ra kiterjesztette illet\u00e9kess\u00e9g\u00e9t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote11sym\" name=\"sdfootnote11anc\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Az 1765-ben tartott orsz\u00e1ggy\u0171l\u00e9s ut\u00e1n, amikor m\u00e1r egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171v\u00e9 v\u00e1lt, hogy a magyar nemess\u00e9g ragaszkodik kiv\u00e1lts\u00e1gihoz, az udvar \u00e1tt\u00e9rt az abszolutista korm\u00e1nyz\u00e1sra, \u00e9s a magyar oktat\u00e1s\u00fcgyet al\u00e1rendelte a b\u00e9csi tanulm\u00e1nyi bizotts\u00e1gnak.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote12sym\" name=\"sdfootnote12anc\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a> Egy \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia elrendelte, hogy helyzetfelm\u00e9r\u00e9s c\u00e9lj\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00edrj\u00e1k \u00f6ssze Magyarorsz\u00e1gon az iskol\u00e1kat, majd pedig az orvoskarral kieg\u00e9sz\u00edtett nagyszombati egyetemet \u00e1llami fel\u00fcgyelet al\u00e1 vonta.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote13sym\" name=\"sdfootnote13anc\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a> Ezzel a l\u00e9p\u00e9ssel mindenki sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra nyilv\u00e1nval\u00f3v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt, hogy a kir\u00e1lyn\u0151 a magyar iskola\u00fcgyet az orsz\u00e1ggy\u0171l\u00e9s mell\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9vel, hatalmi \u00faton akarja megreform\u00e1lni.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote14sym\" name=\"sdfootnote14anc\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia 1773. november 26-\u00e1n megb\u00edzta a Magyar Kir\u00e1lyi Helytart\u00f3tan\u00e1csot azzal, hogy dolgozza ki az \u00faj tanulm\u00e1nyi rendet.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote15sym\" name=\"sdfootnote15anc\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a> A kir\u00e1lyn\u0151, hogy biztos\u00edtsa a reformok anyagi h\u00e1tter\u00e9t, m\u00e9g ugyanebben az esztend\u0151ben a kor\u00e1bban feloszlatott jezsuita rend vagyon\u00e1b\u00f3l 3,68 milli\u00f3s tanulm\u00e1nyi, \u00e9s 1,46 milli\u00f3s egyetemi alapot hozott l\u00e9tre.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote16sym\" name=\"sdfootnote16anc\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1774-t\u0151l az Udvari Tan\u00fcgyi Bizotts\u00e1g ir\u00e1nyelvei alapj\u00e1n kezdt\u00e9k meg a reform el\u0151munk\u00e1latait, amelyben magyar szakemberek is r\u00e9szt vehettek.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote17sym\" name=\"sdfootnote17anc\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a> A tanulm\u00e1nyi bizotts\u00e1gban Martini, b\u00e9csi jogtan\u00e1r a k\u00f6zpontos\u00edt\u00e1s \u00e1ll\u00e1spontj\u00e1t k\u00e9pviselte, m\u00edg t\u00f6bb M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zi\u00e1hoz k\u00f6zel \u00e1ll\u00f3 tan\u00e1csad\u00f3 konzervat\u00edvabb elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9sekkel \u00e9rvelt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote18sym\" name=\"sdfootnote18anc\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a> Nagyban k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151 ez ut\u00f3bbi tan\u00e1csosoknak, hogy a k\u00f6zponti egys\u00e9g nem val\u00f3sult meg, \u00e9s Magyarorsz\u00e1g \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 tanulm\u00e1nyi rendszert kaphatott.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote19sym\" name=\"sdfootnote19anc\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a> Term\u00e9szetesen nagy szerepe volt m\u00e9g a magyar udvari kancell\u00e1ria fiatal tan\u00e1csos\u00e1nak, \u00dcrm\u00e9nyi J\u00f3zsefnek is, aki 1775-t\u0151l t\u00f6bb l\u00e9pcs\u0151s munkafolyamat sor\u00e1n dolgozta ki azt a Ratio Educationist, amelynek v\u00e9gleges form\u00e1ja 1777. augusztus 22-\u00e9n l\u00e1tott napvil\u00e1got.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote20sym\" name=\"sdfootnote20anc\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>A Ratio Educationis<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 349px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static-cdn.arcanum.hu\/nfo-resources\/domanovszky_pic\/domanovszky\/04-473.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"349\" height=\"610\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00dcrm\u00e9nyi J\u00f3zsef kir\u00e1lyi tan\u00e1csos (Forr\u00e1s: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcanum.hu\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/Domanovszky-domanovszky-magyar-muvelodestortenet-1\/negyedik-kotet-barokk-es-felvilagosodas-1007\/csoka-j-lajos-a-ratio-educationis-korszaka-135F\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Arcanum Digit\u00e1lis Tudom\u00e1nyt\u00e1r<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B\u00e1r a k\u00f6ztudatban \u00dcrm\u00e9nyi nev\u00e9vel f\u00e9mjelezz\u00fck a Ratio Educationist, fontos megeml\u00edten\u00fcnk, hogy a reformok kidolgoz\u00e1s\u00e1n egy t\u00f6bb szakemberb\u0151l \u00e1ll\u00f3 munkak\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g f\u00e1radozott. A kancell\u00e1ria fiatal tan\u00e1csosa a m\u00e1sodik felterjeszt\u00e9sben be is ismerte, hogy mivel \u0151 maga nem el\u00e9gg\u00e9 j\u00e1ratos az iskolai \u00fcgyekben, k\u00e9pzett \u00e9s tapasztalt \u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>der\u00e9k f\u00e9rfiakra<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d t\u00e1maszkodott.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote21sym\" name=\"sdfootnote21anc\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/a> \u00cdgy a rendelet egyes r\u00e9szeit m\u00e1s-m\u00e1s szakemberek dolgozt\u00e1k ki: a gazdas\u00e1gi \u00e9s iskolaszervezeti-igazgat\u00e1si r\u00e9szt maga \u00dcrm\u00e9nyi, a tanulm\u00e1nyi \u00e9s rendtart\u00e1si r\u00e9szt Koll\u00e1r \u00c1d\u00e1m, akinek r\u00e9szv\u00e9tel\u00e9t Terszty\u00e1nszky D\u00e1niel \u00e1lc\u00e1zta, majd az eredetileg n\u00e9met\u00fcl \u00edrt \u00e9s k\u00e9s\u0151bb latinra ford\u00edtott sz\u00f6veget Mak\u00f3 P\u00e1l \u00f6nt\u00f6tte ma ismert form\u00e1j\u00e1ba.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote22sym\" name=\"sdfootnote22anc\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a> Ennek a munkak\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gnek a l\u00e1that\u00f3 feje egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171en \u00dcrm\u00e9nyi volt, de a l\u00e1thatatlan ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00f3ja a b\u00e9csi udvari k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r vezet\u0151jek\u00e9nt tev\u00e9kenyked\u0151 Koll\u00e1r, akinek oroszl\u00e1nr\u00e9sze volt abban is, hogy a magyar tan\u00fcgy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3sodhatott.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote23sym\" name=\"sdfootnote23anc\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ratio Educationis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge h\u00e1rom alappill\u00e9ren nyugszik. Az egyik alappill\u00e9re, hogy a Ratioban \u00f6lt\u00f6tt testet el\u0151sz\u00f6r az a gondolat, hogy az iskola\u00fcgy politikum \u00e9s \u00e1llamhatalmi k\u00e9rd\u00e9s, hiszen mindeddig felekezetek, vagy \u00e9ppen a f\u00f6ldesurak j\u00f3t\u00e9konykod\u00e1s\u00e1nak f\u00fcggv\u00e9nye volt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote24sym\" name=\"sdfootnote24anc\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a> A m\u00e1sodik pill\u00e9rnek azt tekinthetj\u00fck, hogy el\u0151sz\u00f6r k\u00eds\u00e9relte meg egy egys\u00e9ges oktat\u00e1si-nevel\u00e9si rendszer fel\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t,<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote25sym\" name=\"sdfootnote25anc\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0a harmadik pedig abban rejlik, hogy biztos\u00edtotta a magyar k\u00f6zoktat\u00e1s f\u00fcggetlens\u00e9g\u00e9t az osztr\u00e1k \u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6s tartom\u00e1nyokkal szemben.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote26sym\" name=\"sdfootnote26anc\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Rati\u00f3ban k\u00f6rvonalaz\u00f3d\u00f3 elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9sek egyar\u00e1nt reflekt\u00e1ltak a kelet-k\u00f6z\u00e9p-eur\u00f3pai saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gokra \u00e9s t\u00fckr\u00f6zt\u00e9k a modern \u2013 polg\u00e1ri \u2013 oktat\u00e1si rendszerek \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos jellemz\u0151it.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote27sym\" name=\"sdfootnote27anc\"><sup>27<\/sup><\/a> \u00cdgy p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a rendelet tekintettel volt a magyar t\u00e1rsadalmi viszonyokra: kit\u00e9rt a \u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nemzetis\u00e9gekre<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d, a \u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hitfelekezetek \u00e9s vall\u00e1si szervezetekre<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d, \u00e9s \u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maguknak az \u00e1llampolg\u00e1roknak a sokf\u00e9les\u00e9g\u00e9re<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote28sym\" name=\"sdfootnote28anc\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/a> A h\u00e9t nemzetis\u00e9g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra biztos\u00edtotta az anyanyelv\u0171 oktat\u00e1st, az \u00f6t vall\u00e1s, illetve hitfelekezet sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra az iskolal\u00e9tes\u00edt\u00e9s jog\u00e1t, \u00e9s az \u00e1llampolg\u00e1rok \u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mindenegyes r\u00e9tege<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote29sym\" name=\"sdfootnote29anc\"><sup>29<\/sup><\/a> el\u0151tt sz\u00e9lesre t\u00e1rta az iskola kapuit. Ennek ellen\u00e9re azonban nem \u00edrt el\u0151 tank\u00f6telezetts\u00e9get. Ezt csak a n\u00e9piskolai fel\u00fcgyel\u0151k budai \u00e9rtekezlete tette meg 1778-ban.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote30sym\" name=\"sdfootnote30anc\"><sup>30<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ratio el\u0151szav\u00e1b\u00f3l kikrist\u00e1lyosodik, hogy a felvil\u00e1gosult abszolutizmus szerint az ifj\u00fas\u00e1g helyes nevel\u00e9se, \u00e9s a megfelel\u0151 oktat\u00e1s adja a \u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u00f6zj\u00f3l\u00e9t<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote31sym\" name=\"sdfootnote31anc\"><sup>31<\/sup><\/a>, \u00e9s ilyen m\u00f3don a k\u00f6zboldogs\u00e1g alappill\u00e9r\u00e9t. Ez l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9ben azt jelenti, hogy az egy\u00e9nek \u00e9letmin\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9nek jav\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e1ltal az eg\u00e9sz t\u00e1rsadalom el\u0151rehalad\u00e1sa biztos\u00edthat\u00f3. Ez az elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9s pedig teljesen beleillett M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia abszolutista uralkod\u00f3i koncepci\u00f3j\u00e1ba, hiszen lehet\u0151v\u00e9 tette, hogy a szoci\u00e1lis probl\u00e9m\u00e1kat a fenn\u00e1ll\u00f3 t\u00e1rsadalmi berendezked\u00e9s megv\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1sa n\u00e9lk\u00fcl orvosolj\u00e1k. A felvil\u00e1gosult abszolutizmus m\u00e9g abban is tetten \u00e9rhet\u0151, hogy az er\u0151s k\u00f6zponti akarat az oktat\u00e1s valamennyi l\u00e9nyeges ter\u00fclet\u00e9re kiterjedt: iskolarendszer fel\u00e9p\u00fcl\u00e9se, tananyag tartalma, tan\u00e1rok, m\u00f3dszerek, iskol\u00e1k finansz\u00edroz\u00e1sa.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Az oktat\u00e1si rendszer fel\u00e9p\u00fcl\u00e9se<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ratio szerz\u0151i figyelembe v\u00e9ve a magyarorsz\u00e1gi iskolarendszer akkori \u00e1llapot\u00e1t h\u00e1roml\u00e9pcs\u0151s \u2013 alap-, k\u00f6z\u00e9p-, \u00e9s fels\u0151fok\u00fa \u2013 oktat\u00e1si rendszert v\u00e1zoltak fel.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote32sym\" name=\"sdfootnote32anc\"><sup>32<\/sup><\/a> Az alulr\u00f3l felfel\u00e9 \u00e9p\u00fcl\u0151 rendszer alapj\u00e1t az anyanyelv\u0171 \u201enemzeti\u201d n\u00e9piskol\u00e1k als\u00f3fok\u00fa h\u00e1l\u00f3zata adta, amelynek h\u00e1rom v\u00e1ltozata volt: falusi, mez\u0151v\u00e1rosi \u00e9s v\u00e1rosi. A v\u00e1rosi iskol\u00e1k k\u00f6r\u00e9b\u0151l v\u00e1lasztott\u00e1k ki azokat a n\u00e9gy tan\u00edt\u00f3s, n\u00e9gy oszt\u00e1lyos iskol\u00e1kat, amelyeket ker\u00fcleti mintaiskol\u00e1knak sz\u00e1ntak.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote33sym\" name=\"sdfootnote33anc\"><sup>33<\/sup><\/a> Ezek a mintaiskol\u00e1k egyszerre k\u00e9pviselt\u00e9k a t\u00f6bbi int\u00e9zm\u00e9ny sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra a k\u00f6vetend\u0151 norm\u00e1t, \u00e9s egyszerre voltak tan\u00edt\u00f3 gyakorl\u00f3-k\u00e9pz\u0151k. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A n\u00e9piskol\u00e1ra \u00e9p\u00fclt a k\u00f6z\u00e9pfok\u00fa oktat\u00e1s. A h\u00e1rom \u00e9vet fel\u00f6lel\u0151 kisgimn\u00e1zium grammatikai oszt\u00e1lyokat foglalt mag\u00e1ba \u00e9s els\u0151sorban a latin nyelv tan\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1val foglalkozott. A kisgimn\u00e1zium pedig az egy \u00e9ves retorikai \u00e9s szint\u00e9n egy \u00e9ves po\u00e9tikai oszt\u00e1llyal egy\u00fcttesen alkotta az \u00f6t \u00e9vfolyamos nagygimn\u00e1ziumot.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote34sym\" name=\"sdfootnote34anc\"><sup>34<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A fels\u0151oktat\u00e1s is t\u00f6bb l\u00e9pcs\u0151ben val\u00f3sult meg. A hivatalnokok oktat\u00e1s\u00e1t a kapuikat bez\u00e1r\u00f3 kamer\u00e1lis iskol\u00e1kt\u00f3l \u00e1tvette a kir\u00e1lyi akad\u00e9mia. A b\u00e1nyam\u00e9rn\u00f6k\u00f6ket az 1770-re ki\u00e9p\u00fclt selmeci akad\u00e9mia k\u00e9pezte, m\u00edg a t\u00f6bbi m\u00e9rn\u00f6k\u00f6t az egyetem b\u00f6lcs\u00e9szeti kar\u00e1n 1777-ben l\u00e9trej\u00f6tt \u201ealkalmazott fels\u0151bb matematika\u201d tansz\u00e9k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote35sym\" name=\"sdfootnote35anc\"><sup>35<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ratio egyik legnagyobb \u00e9rdeme, hogy az iskolafokoknak hat\u00e1rozott kereteket adott: ekkort\u00f3l ugyanis a tanul\u00f3k csak akkor l\u00e9phettek magasabb szintre, ha aktu\u00e1lis szintj\u00fck kimeneteli k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyeinek eleget tettek.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote36sym\" name=\"sdfootnote36anc\"><sup>36<\/sup><\/a> Amellett, hogy egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171en megh\u00fazta az als\u00f3 \u00e9s k\u00f6z\u00e9pfok k\u00f6z\u00f6tti hat\u00e1rvonalat, a gimn\u00e1ziumon bel\u00fcli oszt\u00e1lyokat is elv\u00e1lasztotta egym\u00e1st\u00f3l.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote37sym\" name=\"sdfootnote37anc\"><sup>37<\/sup><\/a> Az oszt\u00e1lyok sz\u00e9tv\u00e1laszt\u00e1sa azonban azt is jelentette, hogy t\u00f6bb tan\u00e1rra \u00e9s tanteremre lett sz\u00fcks\u00e9g.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/Selmecb%C3%A1nyai_palot%C3%A1k.jpg\/800px-Selmecb%C3%A1nyai_palot%C3%A1k.jpg\" alt=\"File:Selmecb\u00e1nyai palot\u00e1k.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A selmecb\u00e1nyai (ma Banska Stiavnica, Szlov\u00e1kia) akad\u00e9mia a k\u00e9miai, b\u00e1ny\u00e1szati, \u00e9s az erd\u00e9szeti palot\u00e1inak l\u00e1tk\u00e9pe, 2003. (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Selmecb%C3%A1nyai_palot%C3%A1k.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>A tananyag<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ratio szerz\u0151i \u00fagy v\u00e9lt\u00e9k, tekintettel kell lenni arra, hogy egy di\u00e1k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra j\u00f6vend\u0151 t\u00e1rsadalmi helyzete milyen ismeretek elsaj\u00e1t\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t teszi sz\u00fcks\u00e9gess\u00e9, ugyanis csak olyan ismereteket c\u00e9lszer\u0171 megtanulnia, amiket a j\u00f6v\u0151ben hasznos\u00edtani tud majd.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote38sym\" name=\"sdfootnote38anc\"><sup>38<\/sup><\/a> A tant\u00e1rgyi anyagot ennek az elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9snek megfelel\u0151en pedig h\u00e1rom csoportra bontott\u00e1k \u2013 \u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mindenkinek sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d, \u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>egyetemesen hasznos<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d, \u00e9s \u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>n\u00e9melyeknek hasznos<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d ismeretek \u2013, amivel tantervt\u00f6rt\u00e9neti szempontb\u00f3l egy el\u0151remutat\u00f3 differenci\u00e1l\u00e1st val\u00f3s\u00edtottak meg.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote39sym\" name=\"sdfootnote39anc\"><sup>39<\/sup><\/a> A magyar tantervek t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben ennek a feloszt\u00e1snak k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151en j\u00f6ttek l\u00e9tre az al\u00e1bbi fogalmak: k\u00f6telez\u0151, aj\u00e1nlott \u00e9s v\u00e1laszthat\u00f3 tant\u00e1rgy.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote40sym\" name=\"sdfootnote40anc\"><sup>40<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Term\u00e9szetesen itt felmer\u00fcl az a k\u00e9rd\u00e9s, hogy kinek mi lehet hasznos. A Ratio alapj\u00e1n minden hasznos, amib\u0151l a j\u00f6v\u0151ben profit\u00e1lni tudunk. Ugyanakkor a 18. sz\u00e1zadban ki d\u00f6nti el, hogy egy di\u00e1k milyen szerepeket fog bet\u00f6lteni feln\u0151ttk\u00e9nt? Mindez tehets\u00e9g\u00e9t\u0151l f\u00fcgg, vagy sz\u00fclet\u00e9se predesztin\u00e1lja j\u00f6v\u0151j\u00e9t? Val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg \u00dcrm\u00e9nyi\u00e9k abb\u00f3l indultak ki, hogy a j\u00f6v\u0151t a jelen, \u00e9s \u00edgy az aktu\u00e1lis t\u00e1rsadalmi hierarchia hat\u00e1rozza meg, vagyis m\u00e1st kell megtanulnia egy paraszt gyermek\u00e9nek, egy polg\u00e1r, vagy ak\u00e1r egy nemes gyermek\u00e9hez k\u00e9pest.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote41sym\" name=\"sdfootnote41anc\"><sup>41<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Jelent\u0151s v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1snak tudhat\u00f3 be, hogy b\u00e1r a hum\u00e1n ismeretanyag t\u00fals\u00falya megmaradt, a kor\u00e1bbin\u00e1l nagyobb teret kaptak a re\u00e1l-ismeretk\u00f6r\u00f6k: sz\u00e1mtan, fizika, f\u00f6ldrajz, illetve hogy el\u0151\u00edrt\u00e1k a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem, erk\u00f6lcstan, \u00e9s \u00e1llampolg\u00e1ri ismeretek tant\u00e1rgyk\u00e9nt val\u00f3 tan\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote42sym\" name=\"sdfootnote42anc\"><sup>42<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ratio Educationis n\u00e9h\u00e1ny elem\u00e9ben \u00e9rezhetj\u00fck a felvil\u00e1gosod\u00e1s hat\u00e1s\u00e1t: a szabadid\u0151 megfelel\u0151 m\u00f3don val\u00f3 elt\u00f6lt\u00e9se, a friss leveg\u0151n val\u00f3 mozg\u00e1s, torna. Az, hogy a rendelet hangs\u00falyozza a tanul\u00e1s \u00e9s a kikapcsol\u00f3d\u00e1s egyens\u00faly\u00e1nak fontoss\u00e1g\u00e1t, valamint azt, hogy a kiv\u00e1lasztott j\u00e1t\u00e9kos foglalkoz\u00e1sok \u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mindig a fiatalok \u00e9letkor\u00e1hoz alkalmazottak legyenek<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote43sym\" name=\"sdfootnote43anc\"><sup>43<\/sup><\/a>, azt mutatja, hogy a szerz\u0151k tudatosan \u00fcgyeltek a di\u00e1kok lelki eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00e9nek meg\u0151rz\u00e9s\u00e9re. Ugyanakkor az a fajta tantervi maximalizmus, ami miatt szinte enciklop\u00e9dikus ig\u00e9nnyel akart\u00e1k megt\u00f6lteni \u00e9s m\u00e1r-m\u00e1r t\u00falt\u00f6lteni a tananyag medr\u00e9t, arr\u00f3l \u00e1rulkodik, hogy a szerz\u0151k nem vett\u00e9k k\u00f6vetkezetesen figyelembe a gyerekek \u00e9letkori saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gait.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote44sym\" name=\"sdfootnote44anc\"><sup>44<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>A tan\u00e1rok<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00dcrm\u00e9nyi\u00e9k nagy k\u00f6r\u00fcltekint\u00e9ssel fogalmazt\u00e1k meg, hogy milyen elv\u00e1r\u00e1saik vannak a tan\u00e1rokkal szemben, \u00e9s hogy tov\u00e1bbi reformok r\u00e9v\u00e9n mi mindent szeretn\u00e9nek ny\u00fajtani a di\u00e1kokat tan\u00edt\u00f3 szakembereknek. A sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171 elv\u00e1r\u00e1sok kiterjednek a tan\u00edt\u00f3k, tan\u00e1rok k\u00e9pz\u00e9s\u00e9re, k\u00e9pes\u00edt\u00e9si k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyeire, valamint az erk\u00f6lcsi elismer\u00e9s\u00fckre is.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote45sym\" name=\"sdfootnote45anc\"><sup>45<\/sup><\/a> A rendelet bevezet\u00e9s\u00e9t k\u00f6vet\u0151en tan\u00edt\u00f3k\u00e9pz\u00e9s f\u0151 helysz\u00edn\u00e9v\u00e9 a normaiskola v\u00e1lt, amely el\u0151sz\u00f6r B\u00e9csben j\u00f6tt l\u00e9tre 1771-ben, n\u00e9gy \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb Pozsonyban, 1777-ben pedig Bud\u00e1n.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote46sym\" name=\"sdfootnote46anc\"><sup>46<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ratio gondoskodott arr\u00f3l is, hogy a tan\u00e1rok, olyan fizet\u00e9st kapjanak, amely <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><em><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">meg\u00e9lhet\u00e9s\u00fcket megfelel\u0151k\u00e9ppen biztos\u00edtja<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote47sym\" name=\"sdfootnote47anc\"><sup>47<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00e9s ar\u00e1nyos a bet\u00f6lt\u00f6tt tiszts\u00e9gekkel. A megfelel\u0151 anyagi juttat\u00e1s mellett a szerz\u0151k fontosnak tartott\u00e1k azt is, hogy <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><em><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">az oktat\u00f3i tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g megkapja azt a megbecs\u00fcl\u00e9st, amelyet m\u00e9lt\u00e1n meg\u00e9rdemel<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote48sym\" name=\"sdfootnote48anc\"><sup>48<\/sup><\/a>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ugyanis \u00fagy v\u00e9lt\u00e9k, hogy ha a tan\u00e1rokat kell\u0151en megfizetik, \u00e9s biztos\u00edtj\u00e1k sz\u00e1mukra, hogy \u00f6r\u00f6m\u00fcket lelj\u00e9k abban, amit csin\u00e1lnak, akkor j\u00f3 \u00e9s lelkiismeretes munk\u00e1t fognak v\u00e9gezni.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>A korabeli \u00e1llapotok konzerv\u00e1l\u00e1sa, vagy el\u0151remutat\u00f3 int\u00e9zked\u00e9sek?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ratio Educationisban tal\u00e1lkozhatunk el\u0151remutat\u00f3 gondolatokkal, ugyanakkor olyanokkal is, amik a korabeli \u00e1llapotok meg\u0151rz\u00e9s\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyulnak. Ez ut\u00f3bbiak k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik a nemess\u00e9g \u00e9rdekeinek szem el\u0151tt tart\u00e1sa. A rendelet gimn\u00e1ziuma ugyanis legf\u0151k\u00e9pp a nemesi csal\u00e1dok gyermekeinek iskol\u00e1ja volt, akik tanulm\u00e1nyaik befejezt\u00e9vel \u00e1tvett\u00e9k \u00f6r\u00f6kl\u00f6tt birtokaik igazgat\u00e1s\u00e1t.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote49sym\" name=\"sdfootnote49anc\"><sup>49<\/sup><\/a> B\u00e1r M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia hitt a fenn\u00e1ll\u00f3 t\u00e1rsadalmi rend jogoss\u00e1g\u00e1ban, m\u00e9gsem mondhatjuk azt, hogy a Ratio konzerv\u00e1lta volna a t\u00e1rsadalmi egyenl\u0151tlens\u00e9geket. Elm\u00e9leti s\u00edkon a Ratio biztos\u00edtotta a t\u00e1rsadalmi piramis als\u00f3bb r\u00e9tegeib\u0151l indul\u00f3 di\u00e1kok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra a felemelked\u00e9s lehet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t: ha megtanult\u00e1k a kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u0151 t\u00e1rgyakat, eleget tettek a k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyeknek, akkor az iskol\u00e1k valamennyi l\u00e9pcs\u0151zet\u00e9t bej\u00e1rhatt\u00e1k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote50sym\" name=\"sdfootnote50anc\"><sup>50<\/sup><\/a> Az, hogy ez a gyakorlatban mennyire tudott megval\u00f3sulni, m\u00e1r m\u00e1s k\u00e9rd\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 730px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static-cdn.arcanum.hu\/nfo-resources\/domanovszky_pic\/domanovszky\/04-477.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"730\" height=\"550\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Ratio Educationisban foglaltaknak megfelel\u0151 ABC \u00e9s magyar nyelvtan. (Forr\u00e1s: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcanum.hu\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/Domanovszky-domanovszky-magyar-muvelodestortenet-1\/negyedik-kotet-barokk-es-felvilagosodas-1007\/csoka-j-lajos-a-ratio-educationis-korszaka-135F\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Arcanum Digit\u00e1lis Tudom\u00e1nyt\u00e1r<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A magyar nyelv helyzete is meglehet\u0151sen ellentmond\u00e1sos. A Ratio \u00e9rtelm\u00e9ben a magyar nyelv nem kapott helyet sem a k\u00f6z\u00e9p- sem a fels\u0151fok\u00fa oktat\u00e1sban. Ha mindezt abb\u00f3l a szemsz\u00f6gb\u0151l n\u00e9zz\u00fck, hogy az 1730-as \u00e9vekt\u0151l az iskol\u00e1k magyar jellege egyre er\u0151s\u00f6d\u00f6tt \u2013 magyar nyelv\u0171 tank\u00f6nyveket \u00edrtak, megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lt\u00e1k bevezetni a magyar tannyelv\u0171 oktat\u00e1st \u2013 akkor azt mondhatjuk, hogy a Ratio egy majd n\u00e9gy \u00e9vtizedes folyamatot t\u00f6rt meg.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote51sym\" name=\"sdfootnote51anc\"><sup>51<\/sup><\/a> Ugyanakkor a n\u00e9poktat\u00e1s fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9vel el\u0151r\u00e9bb vitte a magyar nyelv\u0171 oktat\u00e1st, ugyanis \u00e9ppen neki k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151en jelentek meg az els\u0151 magyar nyelvtani \u00e9s helyes\u00edr\u00e1si tank\u00f6nyvek.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote52sym\" name=\"sdfootnote52anc\"><sup>52<\/sup><\/a> Mindenf\u00e9lek\u00e9ppen a halad\u00e1st ir\u00e1ny\u00e1ba mutat, hogy a Ratio r\u00e9v\u00e9n el\u0151sz\u00f6r t\u0171nt fel \u00e9l\u0151 idegen nyelv, n\u00e9met, a magyarorsz\u00e1gi iskolai tantervben.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote53sym\" name=\"sdfootnote53anc\"><sup>53<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A nehezen megem\u00e9szthet\u0151 tananyag, a rengeteg fogalommeghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s, felsorol\u00e1sok mind arra utalnak, hogy a rendelet nem vette figyelembe a t\u00edz-tizen\u00f6t \u00e9ves di\u00e1kok l\u00e9lektani saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gait.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote54sym\" name=\"sdfootnote54anc\"><sup>54<\/sup><\/a> Azonban az, hogy a szabadid\u0151 megfelel\u0151 elt\u00f6lt\u00e9s\u00e9re, a szabadban val\u00f3 testmozg\u00e1sra, \u00e9s a di\u00e1kok \u00e9letkor\u00e1nak megfelel\u0151 foglalkoz\u00e1sok tart\u00e1s\u00e1ra h\u00edvta fel a figyelmet modernebb megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9sr\u0151l \u00e1rulkodik.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote55sym\" name=\"sdfootnote55anc\"><sup>55<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Ratio Educationis ut\u00f3\u00e9lete<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Rati\u00f3t sokan ellenszenvvel fogadt\u00e1k. A katolikus egyh\u00e1z \u00e9s az iskol\u00e1kat fenntart\u00f3 szerzetesrendek nehezm\u00e9nyeztek a rendeletre, mert \u00fagy v\u00e9lt\u00e9k az \u00faj reformok korl\u00e1tozz\u00e1k jogaikat.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote56sym\" name=\"sdfootnote56anc\"><sup>56<\/sup><\/a> A protest\u00e1ns egyh\u00e1zak \u00f6nrendelkez\u00e9si jogaik korl\u00e1toz\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9s iskolai hagyom\u00e1nyaik vesz\u00e9lybe sodr\u00e1s\u00e1t s\u00e9relmezt\u00e9k.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote57sym\" name=\"sdfootnote57anc\"><sup>57<\/sup><\/a> Mivel a protest\u00e1nsok elutas\u00edtott\u00e1k a Ratio elveinek adapt\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1t, a rendelet csak a katolikus iskol\u00e1k bels\u0151 rendj\u00e9re tudott kihatni.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote58sym\" name=\"sdfootnote58anc\"><sup>58<\/sup><\/a> \u00dcrm\u00e9nyi\u00e9k munk\u00e1j\u00e1t a konzervat\u00edv nemesek is gyanakodva m\u00e9regett\u00e9k, ugyanis a v\u00e1rmegyei auton\u00f3mia \u00e9s a rendi kiv\u00e1lts\u00e1gok korl\u00e1toz\u00e1s\u00e1t l\u00e1tt\u00e1k benne.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote59sym\" name=\"sdfootnote59anc\"><sup>59<\/sup><\/a> A nemzeti politika z\u00e1szlaj\u00e1t lenget\u0151 progressz\u00edv er\u0151k egyet\u00e9rtettek ugyan a Ratio sz\u00e1mos t\u00f6rekv\u00e9s\u00e9vel, a n\u00e9metes\u00edt\u0151 sz\u00e1nd\u00e9k, \u00e9s a nemzeti \u00e9rdekek h\u00e1tt\u00e9rbe szor\u00edt\u00e1sa miatt elutas\u00edtott\u00e1k a rendeletet.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote60sym\" name=\"sdfootnote60anc\"><sup>60<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Az, hogy a Ratio Educationis a gyakorlatban nem tudott m\u00e9lyen hatni t\u00f6bb t\u00e9nyez\u0151 egy\u00fcttes hat\u00e1s\u00e1nak volt k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151. A tan\u00edt\u00f3k \u00e9s tan\u00e1rok hi\u00e1nyos felk\u00e9sz\u00fclts\u00e9ge, az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos szakemberhi\u00e1ny, \u00e9s a t\u00e1mogatotts\u00e1g hi\u00e1nya mind szerepet j\u00e1tszott abban, hogy a rendelet elvei nem tudtak megfelel\u0151en \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes\u00fclni.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote61sym\" name=\"sdfootnote61anc\"><sup>61<\/sup><\/a> Az sem seg\u00edtett, hogy M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zi\u00e1t fia, II. J\u00f3zsef k\u00f6vette a tr\u00f3non, akinek f\u0151 c\u00e9lja a birodalom teljes k\u00f6zpontos\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e9s Magyarorsz\u00e1g a birodalomba val\u00f3 beolvaszt\u00e1sa volt.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote62sym\" name=\"sdfootnote62anc\"><sup>62<\/sup><\/a> II. J\u00f3zsef rendeletei \u2013 n\u00e9met nyelv k\u00f6telez\u0151v\u00e9 t\u00e9tele, iskol\u00e1ba j\u00e1r\u00e1s szigor\u00edt\u00e1sa, \u201ek\u00f6z\u00f6s\u201d iskol\u00e1k fel\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sa \u2013 szint\u00e9n nagy ellen\u00e1ll\u00e1st v\u00e1ltottak ki.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote63sym\" name=\"sdfootnote63anc\"><sup>63<\/sup><\/a> Az azonban bizonyos, hogy a Ratio a magyar m\u0171vel\u0151d\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net egyik legjelent\u0151sebb alkot\u00e1sa volt. Egy olyan \u00fatt\u00f6r\u0151 rendelet, amelyet az 1806-ban napvil\u00e1got l\u00e1t\u00f3 m\u00e1sodik Ratio Educationis teljes\u00edtett be.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote64sym\" name=\"sdfootnote64anc\"><sup>64<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\u00d6sszefoglal\u00e1s<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia rendeletei a felvil\u00e1gosult abszolutizmus jegy\u00e9ben sz\u00fclettek. \u00cdgy volt ez az 1777-es Ratio Educationis eset\u00e9ben is. Ez pedig azt jelentette, hogy a rendelet a k\u00f6zoktat\u00e1s eset\u00e9ben is a feudalizmus szabta hat\u00e1rokon bel\u00fcl mozgott, vagyis azt a c\u00e9lt t\u0171zte ki maga el\u00e9, hogy olyan magokat hintsen el az iskola\u00fcgy kertj\u00e9ben, amik majd az \u00e1llamappar\u00e1tus sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra hasznos vir\u00e1gokk\u00e1 cseperednek. Mindek\u00f6zben pedig a kertet \u00e1llami fennhat\u00f3s\u00e1g al\u00e1 vonta.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/93\/SelmecAcademyDocument.jpg\/800px-SelmecAcademyDocument.jpg\" alt=\"File:SelmecAcademyDocument.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A selmecb\u00e1nyai akad\u00e9mia alap\u00edt\u00f3levele 1762-b\u0151l, j\u00f3l l\u00e1that\u00f3 M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia al\u00e1\u00edr\u00e1sa is (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SelmecAcademyDocument.jpg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Az \u00e1llami oktat\u00e1s\u00fcgy els\u0151 l\u00e9p\u00e9seit 1752-ben tette meg, amikor is moderniz\u00e1lt\u00e1k a b\u00e9csi egyetemet, majd pedig ugyanezt a b\u00e9csi mint\u00e1t alkalmazt\u00e1k a magyar \u00e9s az osztr\u00e1k egyetemek korszer\u0171s\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re is. M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia eleinte szabads\u00e1got adott a magyar oktat\u00e1s\u00fcgynek \u2013 Bark\u00f3czy esztergomi \u00e9rseket b\u00edzta meg a reform kidolgoz\u00e1s\u00e1val, k\u00e9s\u0151bb l\u00e9trehozta Pozsonyban a magyar Tan\u00fcgyi bizotts\u00e1got \u2013 1765 ut\u00e1n azonban a b\u00e9csi tanulm\u00e1nyi bizotts\u00e1g fennhat\u00f3s\u00e1ga al\u00e1 vonta. 1775-ben b\u00edzta meg a magyar udvari kancell\u00e1ria fiatal tan\u00e1csos\u00e1t, \u00dcrm\u00e9nyi J\u00f3zsefet a magyar iskolarendszer \u00e1tfog\u00f3 reformj\u00e1nak elk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9vel. \u00dcrm\u00e9nyi olyan szakemberekkel dolgozott egy\u00fctt, mint Koll\u00e1r \u00c1d\u00e1m, Terszty\u00e1nszky D\u00e1niel, \u00e9s Mak\u00f3 P\u00e1l, \u00e9s 1777 augusztus\u00e1ra egy t\u00f6bbl\u00e9pcs\u0151s munkafolyamat eredm\u00e9nyek\u00e9ppen elk\u00e9sz\u00edtette a Ratio Educationist. A rendelet jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge h\u00e1rom pill\u00e9ren nyugszik: az iskola\u00fcgy politikum, egys\u00e9ges oktat\u00e1si-nevel\u00e9si rendszer, \u00e9s az \u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6s tartom\u00e1nyokt\u00f3l f\u00fcggetlen magyar k\u00f6zoktat\u00e1s. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00dcrm\u00e9nyi\u00e9k a magyarorsz\u00e1gi iskolarendszer akkori \u00e1llapot\u00e1t figyelembe v\u00e9ve h\u00e1roml\u00e9pcs\u0151s \u2013 alap-, k\u00f6z\u00e9p-, \u00e9s fels\u0151fok \u2013 oktat\u00e1si rendszert vezettek be, amelynek alapj\u00e1t a n\u00e9piskol\u00e1k adt\u00e1k. A n\u00e9piskol\u00e1ra \u00e9p\u00fcl\u0151 k\u00f6z\u00e9poktat\u00e1s mag\u00e1ba foglalta a grammatikai oszt\u00e1lyokb\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 kisgimn\u00e1ziumot, illetve a po\u00e9tikai \u00e9s retorikai oszt\u00e1llyal kieg\u00e9sz\u00fcl\u0151 \u00f6t\u00e9vfolyamos nagygimn\u00e1ziumot. A fels\u0151oktat\u00e1s is t\u00f6bb szinten val\u00f3sult meg. A Ratio bevezet\u00e9s\u00e9t\u0151l a tanul\u00f3knak teljes\u00edteni\u00fck kellett az el\u0151\u00edrt k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyeket ahhoz, hogy magasabb szintre l\u00e9phessenek. A rendelet a tan\u00e1rok k\u00e9pz\u00e9s\u00e9nek is hat\u00e1rozott kereteket adott: pontosan el\u0151\u00edrta, hogy milyen int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyekben \u00e9s milyen k\u00e9pes\u00edt\u00e9st kell szerezni\u00fck. Ugyanakkor hangs\u00falyozta annak a fontoss\u00e1g\u00e1t is, hogy a tan\u00e1rok kapjanak meg\u00e9lhet\u00e9s\u00fck biztos\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz elegend\u0151 fizet\u00e9st, valamint megbecs\u00fcl\u00e9st. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ratio k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get tett a tananyag ismeretei k\u00f6z\u00f6tt \u2013 mindenkinek sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges, egyetemesen hasznos, \u00e9s n\u00e9melyeknek hasznos \u2013, \u00e9s azt hirdette, hogy a tanul\u00f3knak csak azokat az ismereteket kell elsaj\u00e1t\u00edtania, amelyekb\u0151l a j\u00f6v\u0151ben profit\u00e1lni tudnak majd. Ez azonban a gyakorlatban a megl\u00e9v\u0151 t\u00e1rsadalmi munkamegoszt\u00e1s konzerv\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1t seg\u00edtette. Jelent\u0151s v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s, hogy nagyobb teret kaptak a k\u00f6z\u00e9piskolai tananyagban a re\u00e1lismeretk\u00f6r\u00f6k, valamint hogy el\u0151t\u00e9rbe ker\u00fclt a tanul\u00e1s \u00e9s kikapcsol\u00f3d\u00e1s egyens\u00falya.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 725px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static-cdn.arcanum.hu\/nfo-resources\/domanovszky_pic\/domanovszky\/04-464.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"725\" height=\"454\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Az egyetemm\u00e9 alak\u00edtott kir\u00e1lyi v\u00e1rkast\u00e9ly Bud\u00e1n, XVIII. sz\u00e1zadi r\u00e9zmetszeten (Forr\u00e1s: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcanum.hu\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/Domanovszky-domanovszky-magyar-muvelodestortenet-1\/negyedik-kotet-barokk-es-felvilagosodas-1007\/csoka-j-lajos-a-ratio-educationis-korszaka-135F\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Arcanum Digit\u00e1lis Tudom\u00e1nyt\u00e1r<\/span><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Annak ellen\u00e9re, hogy a hasznos ismereteket az hat\u00e1rozta meg, hogy a di\u00e1kok milyen t\u00e1rsadalmi csoportokba sz\u00fclettek, nem mondhatjuk, hogy a Ratio \u00fajratermelte a t\u00e1rsadalmi egyenl\u0151tlens\u00e9geket. Ugyanis minden di\u00e1knak lehet\u0151s\u00e9ge volt arra, hogy az oktat\u00e1si rendszer valamennyi l\u00e9pcs\u0151j\u00e9t bej\u00e1rja amennyiben teljes\u00edti a k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyeket. A mai pedag\u00f3giai l\u00e9lektan szemsz\u00f6g\u00e9b\u0151l ak\u00e1r \u00fagy is t\u0171nhet, hogy \u00dcrm\u00e9nyi\u00e9k nem vett\u00e9k figyelembe a gyerekek \u00e9letkori saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gait \u2013 tananyag mennyis\u00e9ge, fogalmak \u2013, de a szabadid\u0151 megfelel\u0151 elt\u00f6lt\u00e9se, a friss leveg\u0151n val\u00f3 mozg\u00e1s pontosan ennek az ellenkez\u0151j\u00e9t bizony\u00edtja. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ratio t\u00f6bb t\u00e9nyez\u0151 \u2013 tan\u00edt\u00f3k, tan\u00e1rok hi\u00e1nyos felk\u00e9sz\u00fclts\u00e9ge, \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos szakemberhi\u00e1ny, \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos t\u00e1mogatotts\u00e1g hi\u00e1nya, II. J\u00f3zsef \u00fajabb rendeletei \u2013 egy\u00fcttes hat\u00e1sa miatt nem tudott a gyakorlatban m\u00e9ly nyomot hagyni. Azonban a magyar m\u0171vel\u0151d\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l igenis m\u00e9ly nyomot hagyott, olyannyira, hogy az egyik legjelent\u0151sebb alkot\u00e1sk\u00e9nt tartjuk sz\u00e1mon.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><div class='code-block code-block-3' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- baszad\u00e9k -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7971303320192828\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7992097991\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Az NTF T\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9sz M\u0171hely ingyenesen teszi mindenki sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra el\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 tudom\u00e1nyos eredm\u00e9nyeit, ingyenesen bocs\u00e1tja rendelkez\u00e9sre ismeretterjeszt\u0151 cikkeit. A szerkeszt\u00e9s, t\u00f6rdel\u00e9s \u00e9s a honlap fenntart\u00e1sa azonban nek\u00fcnk is p\u00e9nzbe ker\u00fcl, k\u00e9rj\u00fck, adom\u00e1ny\u00e1val t\u00e1mogassa \u00fcgy\u00fcnket, hogy a j\u00f6v\u0151ben is el\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 tegy\u00fck cikkeinket olvas\u00f3ink sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Sz\u00edves t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sukat <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/ntf_hu\">Patreon<\/a><\/span><\/strong> <strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/ntf_hu\">oldalunkon (link)\u00a0<\/a><\/span>v\u00e1rjuk.<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Felhaszn\u00e1lt forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s szakirodalom:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Forr\u00e1s<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ratio Educationis, ford.: M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros Istv\u00e1n, Budapest, Akad\u00e9miai Kiad\u00f3, 1981.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Szakirodalom<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cs\u00f3ka<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> J. Lajos: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Koll\u00e1r \u00c1d\u00e1m \u00e9s az 1777-i Ratio Educationis<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. In: Magyar Pedag\u00f3gia, (1977) 77. \u00e9vfolyam, 3-4. sz\u00e1m. 388-408.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kelemen <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Elem\u00e9r: Az 1777. \u00e9vi Ratio Educationis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a magyarorsz\u00e1gi oktat\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben. In: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>A 225 \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Szerk.: J\u00e1ki L\u00e1szl\u00f3. Budapest, Orsz\u00e1gos Pedag\u00f3giai K\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r \u00e9s M\u00fazeum, 2003. 4-21.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kos\u00e1ry <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Domonkos: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. In: Magyar Pedag\u00f3gia, (1977) 77. \u00e9vfolyam, 3-4. sz\u00e1m. 375\u2013387. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nagy <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Enik\u0151: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>A Ratio Educationis tud\u00e1s\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net (2012) 9. \u00e9vfolyam, 1-2 sz\u00e1m. 102-109.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Puk\u00e1nszky <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B\u00e9la, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">N\u00e9meth <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Andr\u00e1s: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Budapest-Szeged, Nemzeti Tank\u00f6nyvkiad\u00f3, 1996.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>A nyit\u00f3k\u00e9pen a budai tudom\u00e1nyegyetem <em>&#8222;felavat\u00f3 \u00fcnnep\u00e9lye&#8221;<\/em> 1780-ban. Schmutzer J\u00e1nos egykor\u00fa tusrajza. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcanum.hu\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/Domanovszky-domanovszky-magyar-muvelodestortenet-1\/negyedik-kotet-barokk-es-felvilagosodas-1007\/csoka-j-lajos-a-ratio-educationis-korszaka-135F\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Arcanum Digit\u00e1lis Tudom\u00e1nyt\u00e1r<\/span><\/a>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jegyzetek:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">1<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 294.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote2\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote2anc\" name=\"sdfootnote2sym\">2<\/a><sup>\u0002<\/sup> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">Kos\u00e1ry Domonkos: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 375.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote3anc\" name=\"sdfootnote3sym\">3<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 295.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote4\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote4anc\" name=\"sdfootnote4sym\">4<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry Domonkos: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 375.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote5\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote5anc\" name=\"sdfootnote5sym\">5<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Uo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote6\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote6anc\" name=\"sdfootnote6sym\">6<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 296.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote7\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote7anc\" name=\"sdfootnote7sym\">7<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry Domonkos: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 375.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote8\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote8anc\" name=\"sdfootnote8sym\">8<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> U\u0151. 375-376.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote9\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote9anc\" name=\"sdfootnote9sym\">9<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> U\u0151. 376.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote10\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote10anc\" name=\"sdfootnote10sym\">10<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Uo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote11\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote11anc\" name=\"sdfootnote11sym\">11<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kelemen: Az 1777. \u00e9vi Ratio Educationis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a magyarorsz\u00e1gi oktat\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben. 10.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote12\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote12anc\" name=\"sdfootnote12sym\">12<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry Domonkos: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 376.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote13\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote13anc\" name=\"sdfootnote13sym\">13<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Uo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote14\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote14anc\" name=\"sdfootnote14sym\">14<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kelemen: Az 1777. \u00e9vi Ratio Educationis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a magyarorsz\u00e1gi oktat\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben. 11.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote15\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote15anc\" name=\"sdfootnote15sym\">15<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Nagy: A Ratio Educationis tud\u00e1s\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se. 103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote16\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote16anc\" name=\"sdfootnote16sym\">16<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 377.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote17\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote17anc\" name=\"sdfootnote17sym\">17<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kelemen: Az 1777. \u00e9vi Ratio Educationis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a magyarorsz\u00e1gi oktat\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben. 11.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote18\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote18anc\" name=\"sdfootnote18sym\">18<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 377.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote19\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote19anc\" name=\"sdfootnote19sym\">19<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Uo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote20\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote20anc\" name=\"sdfootnote20sym\">20<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Uo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote21\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote21anc\" name=\"sdfootnote21sym\">21<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> U\u0151. 378.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote22\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote22anc\" name=\"sdfootnote22sym\">22<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Cs\u00f3ka J. Lajos: Koll\u00e1r \u00c1d\u00e1m \u00e9s az 1777-i Ratio Educationis. 389.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote23\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote23anc\" name=\"sdfootnote23sym\">23<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> U\u0151. 405.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote24\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote24anc\" name=\"sdfootnote24sym\">24<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 295.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote25\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote25anc\" name=\"sdfootnote25sym\">25<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> U\u0151. 296.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote26\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote26anc\" name=\"sdfootnote26sym\">26<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Nagy: A Ratio Educationis tud\u00e1s\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se. 103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote27\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote27anc\" name=\"sdfootnote27sym\">27<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kelemen: Az 1777. \u00e9vi Ratio Educationis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a magyarorsz\u00e1gi oktat\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben. 13.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote28\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote28anc\" name=\"sdfootnote28sym\">28<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Ratio Educationis. 18. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote29\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote29anc\" name=\"sdfootnote29sym\">29<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Ratio Educationis. 19. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote30\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote30anc\" name=\"sdfootnote30sym\">30<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 381.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote31\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote31anc\" name=\"sdfootnote31sym\">31<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Ratio Educationis. 17.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote32\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote32anc\" name=\"sdfootnote32sym\">32<\/a><sup>\u0002<\/sup> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 297.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote33\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote33anc\" name=\"sdfootnote33sym\">33<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 380.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote34\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote34anc\" name=\"sdfootnote34sym\">34<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 297.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote35\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote35anc\" name=\"sdfootnote35sym\">35<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 380.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote36\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote36anc\" name=\"sdfootnote36sym\">36<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 297.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote37\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote37anc\" name=\"sdfootnote37sym\">37<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 381.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote38\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote38anc\" name=\"sdfootnote38sym\">38<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Ratio Educationis. 19.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote39\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote39anc\" name=\"sdfootnote39sym\">39<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kelemen: Az 1777. \u00e9vi Ratio Educationis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a magyarorsz\u00e1gi oktat\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben. 17.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote40\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote40anc\" name=\"sdfootnote40sym\">40<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 298.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote41\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote41anc\" name=\"sdfootnote41sym\">41<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 381.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote42\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote42anc\" name=\"sdfootnote42sym\">42<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 297.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote43\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote43anc\" name=\"sdfootnote43sym\">43<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Ratio Educationis. 177.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote44\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote44anc\" name=\"sdfootnote44sym\">44<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 382.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote45\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote45anc\" name=\"sdfootnote45sym\">45<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kelemen: Az 1777. \u00e9vi Ratio Educationis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a magyarorsz\u00e1gi oktat\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben. 17.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote46\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote46anc\" name=\"sdfootnote46sym\">46<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 298.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote47\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote47anc\" name=\"sdfootnote47sym\">47<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Ratio Educationis. 22.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote48\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote48anc\" name=\"sdfootnote48sym\">48<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Ratio Educationis. 22.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote49\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote49anc\" name=\"sdfootnote49sym\">49<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 299.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote50\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote50anc\" name=\"sdfootnote50sym\">50<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 382.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote51\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote51anc\" name=\"sdfootnote51sym\">51<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 299.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote52\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote52anc\" name=\"sdfootnote52sym\">52<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 384.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote53\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote53anc\" name=\"sdfootnote53sym\">53<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Nagy: A Ratio Educationis tud\u00e1s\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se. 104.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote54\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote54anc\" name=\"sdfootnote54sym\">54<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 299.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote55\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote55anc\" name=\"sdfootnote55sym\">55<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kos\u00e1ry: A k\u00e9tsz\u00e1sz \u00e9ves Ratio Educationis. 382.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote56\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote56anc\" name=\"sdfootnote56sym\">56<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kelemen: Az 1777. \u00e9vi Ratio Educationis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a magyarorsz\u00e1gi oktat\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben. 18.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote57\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote57anc\" name=\"sdfootnote57sym\">57<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Uo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote58\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote58anc\" name=\"sdfootnote58sym\">58<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 296.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote59\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote59anc\" name=\"sdfootnote59sym\">59<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Kelemen: Az 1777. \u00e9vi Ratio Educationis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a magyarorsz\u00e1gi oktat\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben. 18-19.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote60\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote60anc\" name=\"sdfootnote60sym\">60<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> U\u0151. 19.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote61\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote61anc\" name=\"sdfootnote61sym\">61<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> U\u0151.17. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote62\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote62anc\" name=\"sdfootnote62sym\">62<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> Puk\u00e1nszky, N\u00e9meth: Nevel\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9net. 299.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote63\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote63anc\" name=\"sdfootnote63sym\">63<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> U\u0151. 299-300.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote64\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote64anc\" name=\"sdfootnote64sym\">64<\/a><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\">\u0002<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> U\u0151. 306.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c9bner Zsuzsa Annak ellen\u00e9re, hogy M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zi\u00e1t nem k\u00e9sz\u00edtett\u00e9k fel az uralkod\u00f3i szerep bet\u00f6lt\u00e9s\u00e9re, sz\u00e1mos sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171 rendeletet hozott, amelyek jelent\u0151s reformokhoz vezettek. \u00cdgy volt ez az 1777-es Ratio Educationis eset\u00e9ben is. Mi\u00e9rt v\u00e1lt sz\u00fcks\u00e9gess\u00e9 az oktat\u00e1s megform\u00e1l\u00e1sa? Kiknek k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhetj\u00fck a magyar k\u00f6zoktat\u00e1s f\u00fcggetlens\u00e9g\u00e9t biztos\u00edt\u00f3 rendeletet? Mit jelentett a Ratio a gyakorlatban? Hogyan fogadt\u00e1k a kort\u00e1rsak? \u00cdr\u00e1som m\u00e1sodik r\u00e9sz\u00e9ben ezekre a k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekre keresem a v\u00e1laszt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1564,323,1553,715,1563,1555],"class_list":["post-13841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-egyeb","tag-felvilagosult-abszolutizmus","tag-habsburg","tag-maria-terezia","tag-oktatas","tag-ratio-educationis","tag-xviii-szazad"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13841","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13841"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13841\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13977,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13841\/revisions\/13977"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13841"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13841"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntf.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13841"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}